Propaganda Of Art Within The Ussr, Dprk, And The Prc

PROPAGANDA IN ART WITHIN THE USSR, DPRK, AND THE PRC PREPARED FOR MRS. BELLINI BY ANDREW BI STUDENT NUMBER: 676025 COURSE: AVI101 MARCH 13 2015 GORDON GRAYDON MEMORIAL SECONDARY SCHOOL What is Propaganda? Art is a powerful thing. It has fueled revolutions, cultural movements, and wars. (Axelrod, 2015 Art Power in North Korea). However, when art is only a mouthpiece for the government’s agenda, it ceases to be a medium for true communication. In this way, people are stripped of a powerful means for expression (Axelrod, 2015 Art Power in North Korea). This is called propaganda. Now what is propaganda, might the reader ask? Propaganda is the spread of political, philosophical, scientific, artistic, and others views and ideas with a view to their implementation (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2011). Propaganda has proven itself again and again to be the most decisive tool in most conflicts, as by using propaganda you are molding the minds of your people, eliminating dissent and gaining overwhelming support for anything you wish. It is once said by the famous American general Douglas A.Macarthur that â€Å"One cannot wage war under present conditions without the support of public opi nion, which is tremendously molded by the press and other forms of propaganda† (Chicago Tribune, March 3 1942 Pg.3). Some of the biggest users of propaganda were communist countries such as the USSR, China, North Korea. But first, I’d like to explain what communism is. What is Communism?

Compare and contrast the significance for psychology of...

Compare and contrast the significance for psychology of Descartes and Kant Descartes and Kant, both of them are famous philosophers and they are well known for their contributions to philosophy. At the same time, they have great influence on the development of psychology. I am going to compare their significance of psychology. By observing some mechanical things, Descartes had an idea that human and animal work like automata. (Klein, 1970) This idea became a basic concept of Descartes’ theories of the brain and visual perception. He thought that the human mind and body were separate from each other.†¦show more content†¦To Descartes, this was pineal body which is located roughly in the centre of the brain, near the thalamus. He thought that the soul resided in pineal body. (Klein, 1970) Descartes mentioned that the soul â€Å"is of a nature entirely independent of the body, and consequently not liable to die with body.†(Klein, 1970, p.349) Descartes posited the existence of soul. However, Kant believed that all observation is observation of phenomena. The substantiality of soul is never observed. (Klein, 1970) Kant said â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦so far as I think myself, it is really impossible by that simple self-consciousness to determine the manner in which I exist, whatever as substan ce or as an accident. Thus, if materialism was inadequate to explain my existence, spiritualism is equally insufficient for that purpose, and the conclusion is, that, in no way whatsoever can we know anything of the nature of our soul, so far as the possibility of its separate existence is concerned.† (Klein, 1970, p.493) Kant concluded that human knew nothing about their soul and it cannot be studied by any scientific methods, while Descartes posited the existence of soul and know the real location where the soul resided. Descartes stated some theory of perception and let people know how things can be perceived. This is a profound impact on psychology. Descartes was a rationalist. One of the tenets of Rationalism stated that senses deceive and do not trust them. (Klein, 1970)Show MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesamp; Phenomenology * Existentialist Philosophers * ------------------------------------------------- Absurdism * The idea of the  absurd  is a common theme in many existentialist works, particularly in  Camus. Absurdity is the notion of contrast between two things. As Camus explains it in  The Myth of Sisyphus: * The absurd is born out of this confrontation between the human need and the unreasonable silence of the world. * This view, which is shared by  Sartre, is that humanity mustRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagessufficiently complete to live, they do live, and it is well they should live. If they are not sufficiently complete to live, they die, and it is best they should die. Spencer systematically tried to establish the basis of a scientific study of education, psychology, sociology, and ethics from an evolutionary point of view. Although many of his specific ideas are no longer fashionable, Spencer went a long way in helping to establish the separate existence of sociology as a social science. His idea of evolutionary

An Economically Important Crop Free Essays

A. sativa is an economically important crop and ranks sixth in world cereal production after wheat, rice, maize barley and sorghum (FAO, 2012). It is an important role as food for human and feed for animals in central high lands of Ethiopia; it is one of the best dual-purpose cereal crops. We will write a custom essay sample on An Economically Important Crop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethiopia as a region with wide altitudinal range, substantial temperature, and rainfall differences with diverse edaphic conditions create a wide range of agro-ecological conditions and microenvironments. Ethiopia, is considered as a secondary center of diversity for the oat, little has so far been done towards determining the genetic diversity, population structure and acid soil tolerance capacity screening of Ethiopian oat accessions. More nutritious and high yielding oat varieties are needed to run an efficient livestock industry as well as to secure human food security on which dependence of increasing population is taking ride. So, it becomes important to take advantage of the germplasm available to develop the superior cultivars for specific needs.Thus, the present study was undertaken to identify or catalogue oats genotypes along with the assessment of genetic diversity prevalent in different geographical regions in the country and from USA, Netherlands and Australia. The 176 oat accessions were used for the present investigation and they were sown in a RCBD design with two replications at each site. Observations were recorded on various morpho-agronomic characters viz; plant height (cm), internode length (cm), number of nodes per main stem of a plant, number of tillers /plant, Flag leaf length (cm), length of panicle (cm), number of spikelets per panicle, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, biological yield per m2 (g), grain yield per m2 (g), and harvest index (%). This study also provides one of the first reported investigations of association analysis in a diverse population of oat, and thus, it will provide a useful benchmark for comparison with future results and with results from other species. Accurate assessment of the levels and patterns of genetic diversity has tremendous importance in the analysis of genetic variability in cultivars; identifying diverse parental combinations to create segregating progenies with maximum genetic variability for further selection; and introgression of genes from more exotic germplasm to broaden the genetic diversity of oats. The results obtained in our study provide a better understanding of genetic diversity along with its aluminium tolerance from different regions of Ethiopia as well as USA and Netherlands and Australia oat germplasm accessionsBased on molecular and agro morphological data there are no clear differentiation between populations; the population that were analyzed as genus level, A. sativa population and A. abyssinica population. The present study revealed that the oat accessions had significant wide range variability with respect to qualitative and quantitative traits. Moreover, the variations observed (both qualitatively and quantitatively) were fairly distributed across the regions/populations the accessions were collected from. These indicated potential genetic diversity prevalent in oat accessions, which can be harnessed future breeding and conservation endeavors in Ethiopia. A high genetic diversity exists in Ethiopian accessions as well as in USA and Netherlands- Australia accessions. There is a significantly higher variation within the populations than among the populations. In addition, there is a significantly higher variation within cultivated as well as within wild than among the cultivated and among wild. Furthermore, there is a significantly higher variation within species than among the species.The molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 19 SSR markers in all the 176 germplasm. The SSR markers showed clear differentiation between wild and cultivated, but they failed to differentiate from Ethiopian and USA and Netherlands-Australia cultivated oat accessions. The following molecular data were recorded for allelic parameters like, number of alleles/effective alleles; average heterozygosity; genetic diversity; and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), demonstrating the availability of adequate genetic diversity in the wild oat accessions that can be exploited in the future. These variations in the allelic parameters were also noticeable across regions/populations sites. Peculiarly, the geographic populations, Shewa and Gondar and Arsi, had the most excessive number of effective alleles in 176 oat accessions the whole, 81 A. sativa accessions, and A. abyssinica accessions; and expected/unbiased expected heterozygosity measures. This indicated that these regions possess higher importance towards through introgression desirable genes into other oat genotypes in Ethiopia. The following molecular data were recorded for allelic parameters like, number of alleles/effective alleles; average heterozygosity; genetic diversity; and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), demonstrating the availability of adequate genetic diversity in the wild oat accessions that can be exploited in the future. These variations in the allelic parameters were also noticeable across regions/populations sites. Peculiarly, the geographic populations, Shewa and Gondar and Arsi, had the most excessive number of effective alleles in 176 oat accessions the whole, 81 A. sativa accessions, and A. abyssinica accessions. This indicated that these regions possess higher importance towards through introgression desirable genes into other oat genotypes in Ethiopia.Cluster analysis grouped 176 genotypes into five clusters whereby the individuals within any one cluster are more closely related than are individuals in different clusters. Our expectations were, the hexaploid specie might be grouped together and tetraploid species may have clustered together, while hexaploid and tetraploid species should have to be clustered separately since they possessed different genome. unlikely to our expectation the result showed that hexaploid and tetraploid were grouped together. Clustering these groups were similar both in molecular and agro-morphological data. Similar results were found for molecular data. The DARwin 5.0 software was used to generate the dendrogram. All the genotypes were clustered into 3 clusters of different sizes. On the other hand, results of PCA and various recorded values of important agro-morphological descriptors were jointly used to determine the groups identified in the molecular analysis at a STRUCTURE present k=2. As a result, the first group, USA and the Netherlands – Australia belonged to the cultivated oats, A. sativa; whilst the second groups were predominated by accessions from the Ethiopia, both cultivated and wild. Consequently, it was concluded that Cultivated oat groups had higher genetic diversity than their respective Wild oat counterparts in Ethiopian oat germplasm. The current study showed that Root Length (RL) was affected more by Al toxicity. Lower Al toxicity levels less than 50 Â µM had no significant effect on the growth performance in most oat accessions, while the growth of RL showed a decline with increasing Al concentration and toxicity levels. The impact of Al toxicity on oats germplasm became influential upon toxicity level increments. The optimum Al3+ concentration for tolerance level could be 112.5 Â µM oats. Thus, these accessions should not be recommended in area where soil acidity is predominant. However, A. vaviloviana accessions were highly Al tolerant as revealed by root growth performance and can be promoted in area where soil acidity is a challenge. This study is the first of its kind to evaluate the performance of Ethiopian oats to Al-toxicity. The study clearly showed the possibility of developing lines and genotypes that can tolerate acidity in Ethiopian context and support agricultural development in acidic soil area in the country. In conclusion, the present study generated unique outcomes in terms of directing the phenotypic and molecular genetic diversity; population structure of the genepools; and to identity of sub-groups up to the species level. It is considered to put the platform for future breeding and genetic resource conservation programs in Ethiopia. How to cite An Economically Important Crop, Papers

Heroism In Sir Gawain And The Green free essay sample

Knight And Beowulf Essay, Research Paper Heroism in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Night A hero, harmonizing to Webster # 8217 ; s New World Dictionary, is person who commits an act of singular courage or who has shown great bravery, strength of character, or another admirable quality. He is looked up to for the brave and baronial things he has done. Though Beowulf and Sir Gawain are both considered heroes they each have many different qualities. For Beowulf his repute as a hero depends on the sentiment of others within his society, for Gawain Christianity determines his bluster. In order to understand how they are both considered a hero in their society we must look at the many differences their several societies possess. One major difference between the society that Beowulf lived in and the one Sir Gawain lived in is their positions on faith. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the universe described is one of order, where Christianity plays an of import function. We will write a custom essay sample on Heroism In Sir Gawain And The Green or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sir Gawain fits absolutely into this universe as a Knight who is brave non because he of course possesses this courage, but because he puts his religion in God. Beowulf on the other manus describes a universe where faith and manners were non of import. Beowulf # 8217 ; s actions are judged by others and how they affect society, and non by any spiritual force. As an heroic poem hero, Beowulf possesses the qualities of heroism, trueness, generousness, and award. He fights because he must in order for his state to last. Although he is a hero he is invariably cognizant of his ain mortality, and it is in conflict that his courage is tested. The heroic poem hero lives in a honor/ shame society, where a adult male # 8217 ; s good name is his most prized ownership. Because Beowulf lives in a hierarchal society it is of import for him to get the better of Grendel, his female parent and the firedrake. Genealogy is really of import in the hierarchal society, so if he had failed he would non merely convey shame to himself, but to his household and state. Beowulf # 8217 ; s greatest value is his courage, although it may look that his crow is un-heroic. It is nevertheless necessary for Beowulf to present his unwritten sketch in order to be given the regard he deserves. It is non that Beowulf is non in hunt of celebrity, because he is, it is merely that he accomplishes acquiring celebrity by assisting others and get the better ofing threats to their society. He does non lie or pull strings others to accomplish acknowledgment ; he uses what is truly his, he bravery. The virtuousnesss of a knightly hero are similar to the heroic poem hero including, heroism, generousness, trueness, award and accomplishment in conflict. One chief difference is the significance given to loyalty during this epoch. It is besides necessary for the knightly hero to possess moderation, courtesy, regard for adult females and courtly accomplishments. He must be able to execute in tribunal and besides on the battleground. Similar to heroic poesy, the knightly knight is tested through efforts of weaponries. One major difference is in their motive. An heroic poem hero will merely travel into conflict when necessary, while the knightly hero will put out to happen an escapade in which he can turn out himself weather. The knightly hero will seldom contend in order to support his people, but instead in defence of a peculiar ideal. Another major difference between the two is in the type of internal conflict they engage in. Beowulf, our heroic poem hero, is tested in physical conflict against a monster, as heroic poem heroes need to turn out themselves against another. Sir Gawain # 8217 ; s undertaking is religious, and psychological. He must go through all the demands of the knightly knight in order to be successful in conflict. Beowulf and Sir Gawain are such immensely different characters that the term collapses into a construct wholly dependent on its context. The standards upon which they are each judged is immensely different because of the different times their narratives take topographic point in. In Sir Gawain # 8217 ; s universe those who obey the spiritual, societal and knightly codifications of his kingdom can be considered a hero. In Beowulf those who really create and support society itself are considered heroes. 373

The Wild West Essays - American Folklore, American Outlaws, Cowboys

The Wild West THE OUTLAWS Born Robert Leroy Parker in Beaver, Utah, on Apr. 13, 1866, Cassidy was the oldest of 13 children and had no formal education. Cassidy became a cowboy while still in his teens when he met Mike Cassidy, adopting Cassidy's name after he joined him in rustling cattle in Utah and Colorado. Robert Clay Allison worked on his parents' farm near Waynesboro, Tenn., until he was twenty-one. Immediately upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate Army and went off willingly to fight for the South. He had a clubfoot that did not seem to hamper his ability to perform active duty. He saw action in several battles but was sent home in March 1862 to recuperate from wounds that seemed more mental than physical, a Confederate doctor stating that Allison was suffering from a condition that was partly epileptic and partly maniacal. He had reportedly threatened to shoot his superiors following one battle because they refused to pursue and execute retreating Union troops. One of the most unusual stagecoach robbers in American history was an old man known in the annals of the West as Black Bart. He used many aliases, including Charles E. Bolton and Charles E. Boles, the latter, most probably his true name. Bart, in addition to being an expert lone bandit who robbed more than two dozen stages in California in 1877-78, he was a jokester whose laughing nature endeared him even to his victims. Billy the Kid was reportedly born in New York City on Nov. 23, 1859, the son of William and Kathleen (or Catherine) McCarty Bonney, and named William H. Bonney. Another story has it that he was born on Sept. 17, 1859, as Patrick Henry McCarty to Catherine and Patrick McCarty. And still another account has it that he was born in Indiana to Joseph McCarty of Cass County. The first report seems to be the most reliable, especially since the Kid used the name of William H. Bonney, signing his letters as such. Yet a reliable account has Mrs. Bonney or McCarty living in Indianapolis, Ind., with William Antrim and moving west with him and her two sons, Henry and Joseph in 1870, settling first in Wichita, Kan., where Mrs. Bonney ran a laundry and dabbled in small real estate holdings. One report has it that the family lived for a while in the newly establish town of Coffeyville, Kan., and it was here that Billy first got into trouble, arrested for pilfering butter and other items from a local store. John Wesley Hardin was born May 26, 1853, in Bonham, Texas. He had two brothers, Joe was the oldest, three years older then John and several younger sisters. His father sometimes taught school and practiced law in addition to preaching. Hardin's forefathers had illustrious positions in the history of Texas. One had fought at San Jacinto and another had signed the Texas Declaration of Independence in the fight against Santa Ana. Hardin's grandfather served with distinction in the Congress of the Texas Republic. Hardin County, Texas, was named after another of Hardin's relatives, Judge William B. Hardin. Somehow, Hardin's father believed that his son would follow in his footsteps and named him after the esteemed Methodist leader, John Wesley. Joaquin Murieta was born in 1830, in the Mexican province of Sonora. In 1850, Murieta along with his bride, Rosita Feliz , he moved to Northern California. The Murietas were lured by the mine fields. The white miners didn't like the thought of the sharing the gold fields with Mexicans, so they assaulted the couple. Murieta was beaten and his wife was raped. They left Stanislaus County and moved to Calaveras County, where they were joined by Joaquin's half-brother. Joaquin borrowed his half-brother's horse not knowing it had been stolen from a member of the community. The horse's owner accused Murieta of the theft. Joaquin told the owner he had borrowed the horse, and his half-brother could explain. A mob formed and wouldn't listen to the explanation. They hung the half-brother, and Joaquin was horse whipped. Murieta vowed to get revenge. Isom Printice Olive was born February 7, 1840 in Mississippi, the son of James and Julia Brashear

Advanced Guide on How to Write an Aviation Essay

Advanced Guide on How to Write an Aviation Essay Humans have been dreaming about wings to fly, notable from legends of the past as well as the stereotypical success career of piloting. Ask any random child today about their ambitions and flying still ranks high amongst their dreams. Nevertheless, the aviation industry is known for its emphasis on procedures, where aviation professionals abide by a host of protocols for maximizing human and machine safety at all times. It is concerned with the proper use and maintenance of aircraft, specifically since most of the planes are worth far more than the average home. The industry holds its place as the latest mode of transport compared to the land and marine channels. With its conception around the 18th century, the aviation industry has grown by leaps and bounds, demonstrating a marked reduction in size from the ubiquitous hot air balloons to the minute drones in the contemporary society today. The aviation industry is composed of a fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, which maintain their relevance by performing critical tasks. The aviation industry is relied upon during emergencies, where speed combines with agility to improve the welfare of the society. It means that an injured climber stranded on Everest relies on aircraft to ferry them to safety. The history of the aviation industry in the modern era is characterized by human flight occasioned by engineering and scientific feats. Early aviators recognized physical and chemical properties in their quest to fly, giving rise to machines designed to weigh much lighter than air. The developments saw the success of hydrogen or helium filled airships that crisscrossed above the lands with style and grace. For instance, an airship known as Graf Zeppelin committed more than a million miles of flight, not forgetting an around the world trip that drew much fanfare. The aviation industry soon morphed into a complicated venture with the introduction of heavier than air machines. The new planes competed with their lighter counterparts, extending the flight range in the process. The roaring 20s saw the introduction of the famous Douglas DC-3 airliners, carrying hordes of passengers together with consignments from one corner of the world to another. The development of the aviation industry changed the world and America at large, providing opportunities for investment together with the employment of millions of people to date. Organization within the aviation sector is important, giving rise to systemic institutions that regulate and enforce aviation rules. All aviation stakeholders are required to offer proficient and certified academic credentials complemented by industry certification and licenses. It is critical also for aircraft to maintain proper records, revolving around their flight time together with service and maintenance logs in the process. The landing and take-off procedures also prove critical to aviation safety, where the air traffic controllers show their mastery. Any slight deviation or miscommunication between handlers and pilots could result in catastrophic accidents or collisions. It is fitting that aviation has proven critical to America’s defense capabilities, where military aircraft support troops as well as deter enemies from attacking the state. The prompt nature with which military aircraft respond to national security threats is enough to discourage other governments from starting a war with the country. On the other side of the spectrum, civil aviation deals with the transport of people and goods and is dominated by manufacturers such as Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier as well as Embraer. All in all, the aviation industry has attracted waves of condemnation from the public and private institutions, where environmental pollution is concerned. High altitude aircraft are known to spew aerosols and contaminants, which threaten the air quality of the troposphere. If that is not enough, the massive consumption levels of fuel associated with air travel do little to quell the negative sentiments. 3 Ideas to Choose the Most Appropriate Topic Idea #1: The Pollution Selecting the most appropriate topic for your aviation essay is not that difficult. It is important to consider the things that first come to mind, especially concerning the adverse environmental impacts of the Aviation industry. Understanding the practical scenario of air pollution makes sense since it will instill a culture of change within the budding aviation professional. For instance, grasping the extent of harm will inculcate new thinking and designs that take a lower toll on the environment. When information about air pollution is made aware to the public and industry insiders, then they will be better placed to contribute towards the creation of a less hazardous environment. Idea #2: Aviation Safety Another credible topic revolves around aviation safety, where a comparison is made on a timeline basis. It is important to gauge the trend of air safety, ensuring that the future sector is well suited to maximizing the health and safety of its society. Safety revolves around the aircraft maintenance procedures as well as the code of conduct for aviation professionals. Such conditions would also extend to the governing body’s stand of safety principles. Institutions such as FAA are involved in ensuring the compliance with high-quality aviation materials, where airframes, as well as other fittings, must be tested more than once. Writing about the airworthiness of planes in commercial and private settings will work well in improving the public confidence levels of the regulations and their implementation. Idea #3: Technology Technology in aviation is also another credible topic to explore, where the introduction of drone technology could revolutionize air transport and the world. The manufacture or assembly of these aviation products has grown much simpler, where enthusiasts could easily make customized drones. It is such revolutions that change the regulation of the industry, where understanding how the government or the governing bodies handle the day-to-day operations of these drones. For instance, how could the aviation agencies license and register drones intended for commercial or recreational use? These challenges are worth investigating, not forgetting the security issues to do with drones. It is important to consider how to counter terrorists that drop improvised explosive devices using drones or even worse biological agents that may threaten the health of the nation. Some of the topics covered in the aviation course revolve around air regulations, where an individual gets a good grasp of the law and air traffic services required for maximizing human safety. Additionally, researching the most frequent aviation violations will provide loads of literary content such as navigation routes as well as protocols. Understanding the mistakes and improprieties of aviation experts will work well in raising the awareness of aviation and synoptic meteorology, ensuring that future professionals desist from entering the same hole of turbulent conditions. For instance, many violate the 14 CFR rules, which revolve around certification, flight and ground instructions, rebuilding and alterations as well as Medical standards. If that is not enough, writing about the importance of the ARROW checklist will demystify myths, ensuring that aviation stakeholders are safe at all times. The checklist is responsible for guaranteeing the provision of aviation documentation, wh ich includes: Airworthiness certificate Registration certificates Radio station license Operating limitations Weight and balance documents Analyzing the aviation industry is not complete without understanding the history of the discipline, particularly before the industrial age. Essays on aviation history have a wide range of topics to explore, particularly with the abundant feats established by early aviators. Such scenes make sense when investigating the exploits of the first female pilot to navigate the world as well as the accomplishments of the Wright brothers. Other renowned names to explore include the first manned and powered flight by Clement Ader as well as the development of the fixed-wing machines during the 1800s. It is also important to cross over to the business side of aviation, where information is awash concerning the most profitable airline firms as well as their business strategies. The aviation sector attracts cutthroat competitive levels, where incompetent firms find their way out of the market through poor sales. Gauging the financial performance of established airlines such as British Airways, Emirates Airlines, and local firms will be enough to know the industry performance in the long-run. Such information would also make aviation professionals want to associate with such brands that do well in the challenging aviation sector. It is helpful if the aviation essay also includes the most sought services by consumers, which will ensure industry stakeholders cater to their clients’ needs. Customers that require comfort for long-haul flights are different from their short-routes counterparts, which require minimal services and pleasantries. Don’t forget to consider the development of new aircraft, where Boeing and Airbus continually show their mettle with the introduction of new and improved models. The introduction of the Boeing Dreamliner together with its A380 counterpart sent shockwaves across the aviation industry concerning economies of scale. The capacity to handle hundreds of passengers at a go is a game-changer, particularly with the increasing demand for travel. The rise of globalization has increased the need for geographical mobility, where business travelers, as well as tourists, explore new markets. Pre-writing Tips: Aim for the Writing Process Creating a successful essay begins with prewriting, which is made easier by adopting the appropriate strategies. Writing an aviation essay is impossible without free writing, which ranks as the most popular form of prewriting. It works to help one develop the supporting arguments, where the author nurtures ideas in descending order. It means that one starts with the strongest points, moving on to others according to their significance. Free writing involves jotting down ideas nonstop while staying true to the topic in question. The technique creates momentum for the writing process, where the author does not need to abide by grammar rules in the course of quickly scrawling the arguments. It is wrong to pause at this stage of writing, especially when many writers are tempted to look back on their content. It is even better to write anything that comes to mind rather than pondering and cutting short the stream of thoughts. Another strategy of prewriting is brainstorming where the author uses some time to come up with literary ideas. Brainstorming takes at most five minutes, where the author lists every word that comes to mind, as long as they resonate with the selected topic. Once complete, it is advisable to pour over the resulting list, crossing out any useless information in the process. Another critical move revolves around the 5Ws, where the author fills out the ‘who, what, where, when and why’ formula. The tactic creates an all-rounded essay, recognizing the elements involved, issues to tackle as well as the setting. It is also useful to highlight the helpfulness of the information, demonstrating how it applies to the real-world context. Title → Thesis Statement → Body Paragraphs All authors should strive to maintain clarity in their essays, which begins with taking advantage of clear titles. Ambiguous titles distract the intended audience since they provide multiple points for interpretation. Precision in titling is made possible by adding modifiers, which give a higher level of specificity in the process. For instance, when analyzing the safety records, titles such as ‘America’s Aviation Industry is the Safest’ do not hit the nail on the head. It could be modified to be ‘America’s Aviation industry is a world leader in safety protocols’. The thesis statement should also incorporate the essay’s strongest points, adding an element of specificity in the process. Appropriate thesis statements should be placed at the tail end of the introductory paragraphs, ensuring that the audience clearly distinguishes it from the rest of the sentences. The best thesis sentences adopt the SMART goals, which is an acronym for specific, measurable, accurate, reliable as well as timely. Specific implies that the thesis should avoid vague statements by mentioning the subject matter in question. Measurability implies the scale or extent of the problem, allowing the audience a hint of what to expect along the essay. Accuracy is maintained by using the most appropriate terminologies for the industry while timeliness provides a periodic perspective. Such statements imply that a thesis explaining the aviation safety record includes the duration of the analysis in the long-run. For instance, when discussing the aviation protocols, it is important to consider a thesis that resonates with FAA’s regulation and the code of conduct. It means the stamen will reflect the aviation professionals; adherence to FAA and NTSB regulations within America. Such scenes are different when considering aviation experts from other regions that have localized codes of conduct that vary both in language and terminologies. For instance, a Chinese or Russian aviation professional would find it difficult to understand the American concepts due to language barriers. The body paragraphs should also follow a steady rhythm, where each free-standing paragraph concentrates on a unique issue. Separating each argument with paragraphs will help the reader discern the learning points as well as conclusively follow through the argument. It is important to note that each body paragraph should include a topic sentence, which normally the first sentence is elaborating the points to follow. Proper organization of an essay is also made easier through outlines, which involve grouping related ideas from the prewriting process. The author should take care to isolate major and minor arguments while defining them in the course of finding a logical progression of points. The outline includes the major headings and subheadings of the document while taking advantage of single word terms or short phrases. Full sentences also work well in the outlining process, helping with the formation of the topical sentences. The Polishing Stage: Top Tips from Our Writers The editing process involves gauging the word choice used in the essay. Using the appropriate aviation terminology works well to distinguish the audience from nursing essays. It is also important to delete inappropriate terms that have become obsolete. Words such as ‘anyway’, ‘arguably’, ‘majorly’ as well as ‘hopefully’ should be avoided at all costs. Proofreading is also made easier by taking a long break. It is also important to consider the narrative version, where most essays embrace the third person narrative. Ultimately, authors should look out for active and passive voices, where the active voice works well in maintaining the clarity of the action.

Key Developments in Total Quality Management Essay

Key Developments in Total Quality Management - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that total quality management (TQM) is a participative and systematic approach to the planning and implementation of process involving continuous improvement in an organisation   It is one of the most comprehensive approaches to performance improvement as it encompasses a whole range of concepts including business process management; change management; project management; supply chain management; supplier development; balanced scorecard; concepts relating to rewards and recognition; benchmarking; lean management systems; quality management systems; and management and employee transformation. The aim of TQM is to satisfy customers’ future and current needs, identify problems, build commitment, and promote the involvement of employees in decision-making. Juran described TQM in terms of a chain reaction as ‘the set of management processes and systems that create delighted customers through empowered employeesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ which leads to increased revenue and a reduction in cost. Since the 1940s there have been three distinct groups of quality gurus. The first group was the Americans who originated in the early 1950’s and took the messages relating to quality to Japan. There are four stages in the evolution of TQM – inspection, quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA) and total quality management (TQM). These stages correspond to various changes in business requirements. In the initial stages, the focus was on inspection after goods were manufactured in order to test for conformity with requirements. This test was not effective in solving problems in so far as it did not identify which supplier, process or worker caused the problem.

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Homework - Essay Example 238). Remarkably, the data is warehoused in manifold files and locations, which makes it easily retrieved over the internet. The multiple locations of data boost security of the data stored in a database by preventing it from permanent loss. Traditional file environment does not allow for proper organization of data. On the other hand, database environment allows users to access the files from the system. The people accessing information from a database system know immediately that the information they are looking for is in existence. Properly order of data within a database system of filing prevents redundancy and loss of data files. A database environment allows easy data editing as information is digitally stored while traditional file environment do not allow users to edit data files or warrant them to send information to other users. Traditional file system stores data in paper form, which cannot be edited directly unless new copies are made or the old files get updated (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012, p. 239). Data is represents raw and organized facts which await processing while information is data that has been processed fully, organized, structured and presented in define context to make it useful. Data is usually unorganized and random and only sounds meaningful when processed to information. For example; students raw test score in exam is a piece of data while student class-average score represents information (Bee & Bee, 1999, p. 2). Since data is raw it is no able to convey the right information to managers or specialists who want to use. Information is derived from data by various analysis methods such as bar graphs, correlations, and measures of central tendency and conclusions and inferences drawn appropriately. For example, the number of employees within an organization represents data but when managers divide them into sex, the amount of salary they earn, working positions and the number of

Ocean Depth Probe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ocean Depth Probe - Essay Example Electromagnetic Compatibility is the capability of electrical and electronic systems, equipments, and devices to operate in their intended electromagnetic environment within a defined margin of safety, and at design levels or performance, without suffering or causing unacceptable degradation as a result of electromagnetic interference (Electronic Project Design 2009). So, various aspects of the Ocean including the natural earth magnetic field at certain depth and the unnatural magnetic fields caused due to human being for their different installment of instruments have to be sorted out so that no interferences occur at the time of ocean depth probe. All types of equipments and systems must be designed to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications. To achieve this aim, special design techniques are necessary. Their effective use in practical applications depends on the understanding of the underlying physical principles. EMC problems involve complex electromagnetic interactions and hence can only be tackled effectively by a combination of experimental and numerical tools (Christopoulos 1992, pp. 239-247) At the time of investigation of the depth of ocean, using the different techniques to explore the ocean for various purposes the movement of the sound wave in the different level of water is different, depending upon the nature of the water quality and various objects and animal present at particular level. Thigpen et. al (1985) have find out that "in marine seismic exploration, an acoustic source disposed beneath the water surface generates a signal which is reflected from layers beneath the ocean floor and received by hydrophones connected to a remote recording unit." The further investigation explains that "the received reflected signal provides information about the subsurface characteristics of the earth" (Thigpen, B B et al. 1985). This production of sound may interfere if not used properly for the investigation. In an experimental report find out by Thigpen et. al. (1985) shows that "conventional acoustic sources used in marine exploration consist of an array of many air guns or water guns fired simultaneously at pre-selected time intervals." Explaining the effects by this experiment they say "the shape of the acoustic wave or "signature" of the array is dependent upon the depth at which the array is fired and on the synchronization of the firing instant among all the guns in the array." They find out some contrast results with word of caution that "if one of the two parameters or both are not substantially the same for all guns the seismic signature will be less than optimum and if the depths of the guns are different, the firing instant of each gun can be changed by fractions of a millisecond so that the resulting acoustic wave front is at maximum amplitude and strength." JAMSTEC (2007) has provided various techniques to measure the depth of ocean and to find out different aspects of benefit of ocean probe as follows: Sensors to Investigate the Ocean at Different Depths: With the use of CTD (Conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth), an observational instrument to measure the conductivity (salinity), temperature and underwater pressure (depth) of the ocean, electrically, with its deployment in the ocean connected by cable to observe a vertical profile

Models and Practices to Support Children with Disabilities

Models and Practices to Support Children with Disabilities Special Education Needs Course Level 3. Assignment number 1. Part 1 Outline the legal and regulatory requirements for children with disabilities or specific requirements. Regardless of the circumstances all children have rights to be treated fairly and lawfully. Unfavourable treatment could include, Direct discrimination- could include refusing a child access to the setting. Indirect discrimination- maybe only display information in one language. Discrimination due to disability- children having fewer opportunities to take part in activities than other children. Children with special educational needs or disabilities also have additional legal and regulatory requirements to promote inclusion and protect from discrimination. These include, The Equality Act 2010 allows children to receive the same access to public and private services. Making accessible to all, i.e. ramp or braille. This promotes equal opportunities and inclusion for all children. The Children’s and Families Act 2014- this is a single assessment process that will support children from 0-25yrs. This is an EHC- Education, Health and Care plan. This act requires children and families to be involved in decisions about their care. It also places a legal duty for schools to provide appropriate support to children with medical conditions. Special Educational Needs and Disabilities code of practice: 0-25yrs. This provides guidance on policies and procedures that are set out in part 3 of the children’s and families act 2014. Organisations using this are, all local authorities, NHS trust, Local early year’s providers and independent and specialist schools. The principles underpinned in the code are, Views and wishes of the child and carers. Taking part in discussions and getting the information and support to make the right decisions. Give support to achieve the best possible outcomes. When following these principles the support hopefully will lead to partnerships providing quality support for all who have disabilities and special educational needs. The code of practice aims to remove barriers to learning for all children and that early identification and intervention from all services can support them. The United Nations Convention on rights of the child. This document give rights and entitlements to all children regardless of circumstances and their needs. There are 54 articles that explain the rights. Some examples are, Article 12- states the views of the child should be listened to and respects. They do not give authority over adult views but can be taken into account. Article 23- outlines that children have rights to receive special care and support to enable to live full and independent lives. Article 31- responsibility to be able to play freely within the environment. The Unites Nations Convention on the rights of persons with Disabilities. Human rights treaty that gives rights to disabled people. It outlines ways of reducing the barriers. Article 7 outlines for children what must be taken into account, All necessary measures should be taken into account to have full participation as others do. Primary consideration should be in their best interests. Should have rights to express their views and opinions that affect them, and to be taken seriously. The Special Educational Needs and Disability regulations 2014- this came in to effect on the 1st September 2014. It sets out the requirements for local authorities for accessing children and young people’s needs and drawing up their EHC. It requires them to consult with parents and to keep all involved in the care informed throughout the whole process. A reference to this is taken from, (Ref, Dovenston. M. (2006) Primary Special Educational Needs, Exeter. Learning Matters Ltd). It says that it recognises that parents hold key information and have a variety of unique skills, knowledge and understanding about their child. This can provide a good balance of information needed to get the child the best. Part 2. Explaining the importance of working inclusively with children with disabilities or specific requirements. It is important to promote equal opportunities for children by having an environment free from discrimination. All children should have the opportunity to be educated within a mainstream setting with children of all mixed abilities. Having a child-centred approach will help to meet their needs and strengthen the child. Example, visual timetables, signs in different languages. Access to the whole school through ramps. All these are use at the school which I work at. Two models of disabilities are: Medical model disability, this is when it is seen as an illness. They are labelled by their condition. As they focus on the disability, strengths and interests of the child can be over looked. Social model disability, this recognises that everyone has rights. Attitudes towards disabilities is from ‘society’ not the individual. Ways of promoting inclusive practice are: Respect the child. Empathy demonstrated by practitioners. Children are empowered. Their interests are at the centre of your planning. Examples, using the Individual Education Plans (IEPs) and Annual reviews to get together to discuss these. Good equal opportunities which are a legal requirement, which is not optional, will promote inclusion within the setting. Some of the stratagies used are listed below: Make everyone feel welcome. Respect and value the individual. Plan using their interests. Resources and materials used to promote a positive image. Practitioners to display positive attitudes. Deal with discriminatory language and behaviour in the correct manner. Part 3. The benefits of working together with parents and other professionals. When you are involved in providing care and support for children, parents must be consulted and involved. This will provide insight to have the children are at home, and it is respectful to the family. Along with parents the use of external agencies provide help. Examples: I have contact with a special school who provides information to help me provide the best for the child I work with. The SEND Code of Practice gives an outline of the principles that are needed to maintain a positive working relationship with the parents: Consult with the children and parents when reviewing services All providers should support parents contributing to the reviews of the EHC plans. Make arrangements to provide advice and information to the children. These are all from the new SEND code of practice 2014 0-25yrs. There are still a number of principles from the 2001 paper which are in use. These are, Use parental knowledge of relationship with the child. Focus on strengths as well as their needs. Be aware of their feelings. Make sure parents are aware of and understand procedures and give documents well in advance of any meetings. Respect differing perspectives. Respect needs of the parents. The need to be flexible and also structured within the meeting. Working with other professionals and agencies you can provide opportunities to gain more knowledge and other strategies to help in providing professional care to the children in your care. In school you will have a designated person who is in charge of the SEN children. They are usually referred to as the SENCO, (special educational needs co-ordinator.) they are responsible for providing support for those who need it. My job is to support the learning of a child one to one, who has learning difficulties. I work and liaise with the SENCO worker on a regular basis to ensure we are providing the best support and care for him. Together we have tailored a literacy programme, and we have used outside agencies to provide this material. These are: Speech and language therapist, and a Special school who have given us programmes to use. (Ref, Dovenston.M. (2006) primary special educational needs, Exeter, Learning Matters Ltd) says,’ It is important to listen communicate, take advice and share information with all relevant parties, but always maintaining confidentiality’. Other professionals which can be involved in care for children are: Physiotherapist – to meet the physical needs of the children. Provide exercises and treatment. Speech and language therapist – devise a programme involving parents and practitioners to use with them. Health visitors – provide advice and support and help to educate families. Paediatrician – used to diagnose a condition and possibly refer to other agencies General practitioner – usually first point of contact and they will usually make the referrals. Social worker – have the role of provide safeguarding and protection to children. Also providing guidance and practical help for families. Together all professionals, practitioners and parents will help to provide the support, knowledge and care that a child needs. Part 4 How practitioners can adapt existing practices to support children with disabilities or specific requirements. During the last year or so a number of pieces of legislation has been changed or undated, this includes the SEN code of practice 0-25yrs. This means that all establishments who use these must take responsibility to make sure that the environment is a high standard to provide the care needed. Taken from, (www.eenet.org.uk 19.10.2014) they say that they should, Adapt to meet the requirements within the legislation. All materials and resources are age and stage appropriate. Display positive attitudes. Inclusion within the learning environment. Have early intervention. Have positive role models. The environment is an important aspect. Children need to have appropriate access to the buildings, through ramps, security, high and locked gates. Having the correct equipment, tables chair etc. when choosing an activity to do think about how it is going to take place, if on floor can all taking part or can it be moved onto the table. If a child has a visual impairment do they have the appropriate equipment to use? Visual timetables can help children. I use one of these for the child I work with. Having positive attitudes towards all provides an image for all to follow whatever their needs may be. Children like to do things for themselves, but due to their disability they may find it difficult, for example going to the toilet, getting dressed and undressed. Fastening zips. Velcro is good and gives them confidence to do things for themselves. Some children don’t know how to express themselves and their feelings in an appropriate way. Again I have had this problem. I have made and used a number of flash cards which have different faces on them which represent an emotion. I get the child to show me the card if they need to. They do contain a word explanation. If a child has a physical impairment provide activities that allow them to be at the same level. Have room for them to move without injuring themselves safely around the classroom. For those with sensory impairments try not to change the layout without telling them and showing them (work through it with them). If possible try and keep the floor space clear of obstacles and always supervise the child through any activity. Providing activities that are too easy is the same as giving them something too hard. Through your assessment and judgment you will know the level/ stage which the child is at and you can plan your activities around this using differentiation. Another example is the tailored literacy programme which I use. Giving the children confidence to achieve even the smallest thing will encourage them to do more. Appendix. References used in this assignment are: Course material for assignment number 1. Own experiences from the school where I work. Website – www.eenet.org.uk 19.10.2014 Books. – Doveston.M. (2006) Primary Special Educational Needs.Exeter. Learning Matters Ltd.

Planning Your Proxy Server Implementation Essay -- Internet Software C

Planning Your Proxy Server Implementation A key factor in determining the success of any installation is planning. Planning involves several phases-from understanding your current capabilities, to determining your current needs, anticipating your future needs, and, ultimately, finding a viable solution. We have all been in situations where the immediate need surpassed the need for planning and the installation was rushed. More often than not, the installation had to be repeated to correct problems. Microsoft stresses successful planning techniques, both to ease the initial installation and as a preventative troubleshooting task. The Site Analysis Process A key consideration of planning future network capacity is determining what services, users, and data will be present on the network. Take the time to complete a thorough site analysis. A bit of formal analysis now will ease the process of upgrading and configuring the system later. Don't succumb to the "easy way out." Planning can be a long and arduous task that is overlooked far too often, but one that pays off ultimately. Network Capacity Analysis The capacity of a network is that network's ability to support the amount of data transmitted over it. A network that can support the activity of your organization today may not be able to support the increased activity level when Internet access is offered via Proxy Server. You need to carefully consider the performance ramifications of adding new information services to an already overtaxed network. Although Proxy Server's ability to cache resources saves on performance over the Internet communication link, it does not decrease the amount of data ultimately transferred to the client. Even if 100 percent of requested data is stored in the proxy server's cache, it will still be sent across your local network to the client computer, increasing network traffic significantly. The first step in network capacity analysis is to define a baseline profile of the performance levels of your current network by using Performance Monitor and Network Monitor. This involves sampling various aspects of your network over several days. Examine these readings to decipher what is normal and abnormal about how your network performs. This includes pinpointing which areas of your network experience the heaviest load, which users or applications cause the most traffic, ... ...oft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 133 or faster à ¤ 2GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 32MB of RAM, or more Moderate-Volume Network A moderate-volume network is typically a network in a mid-size company with under 1,000 computers. Moderate volume networks can obtain adequate Internet access using two or more proxy servers arranged in an array or chain connected to multiple ISDN lines or a fractional T1. Microsoft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 166 or faster à ¤ 2 to 4GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 64MB of RAM, or more High-Volume A high-volume network is typically a network in an enterprise corporation with thousands of computers. High volume networks can obtain adequate Internet access using multiple proxy servers in a combined array and chain combination connected to a T1 line or greater. Microsoft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 200, Pentium Pro 166 or faster à ¤ 8 to 16GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 128 to 256MB of RAM, or more Planning Your Proxy Server Implementation Essay -- Internet Software C Planning Your Proxy Server Implementation A key factor in determining the success of any installation is planning. Planning involves several phases-from understanding your current capabilities, to determining your current needs, anticipating your future needs, and, ultimately, finding a viable solution. We have all been in situations where the immediate need surpassed the need for planning and the installation was rushed. More often than not, the installation had to be repeated to correct problems. Microsoft stresses successful planning techniques, both to ease the initial installation and as a preventative troubleshooting task. The Site Analysis Process A key consideration of planning future network capacity is determining what services, users, and data will be present on the network. Take the time to complete a thorough site analysis. A bit of formal analysis now will ease the process of upgrading and configuring the system later. Don't succumb to the "easy way out." Planning can be a long and arduous task that is overlooked far too often, but one that pays off ultimately. Network Capacity Analysis The capacity of a network is that network's ability to support the amount of data transmitted over it. A network that can support the activity of your organization today may not be able to support the increased activity level when Internet access is offered via Proxy Server. You need to carefully consider the performance ramifications of adding new information services to an already overtaxed network. Although Proxy Server's ability to cache resources saves on performance over the Internet communication link, it does not decrease the amount of data ultimately transferred to the client. Even if 100 percent of requested data is stored in the proxy server's cache, it will still be sent across your local network to the client computer, increasing network traffic significantly. The first step in network capacity analysis is to define a baseline profile of the performance levels of your current network by using Performance Monitor and Network Monitor. This involves sampling various aspects of your network over several days. Examine these readings to decipher what is normal and abnormal about how your network performs. This includes pinpointing which areas of your network experience the heaviest load, which users or applications cause the most traffic, ... ...oft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 133 or faster à ¤ 2GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 32MB of RAM, or more Moderate-Volume Network A moderate-volume network is typically a network in a mid-size company with under 1,000 computers. Moderate volume networks can obtain adequate Internet access using two or more proxy servers arranged in an array or chain connected to multiple ISDN lines or a fractional T1. Microsoft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 166 or faster à ¤ 2 to 4GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 64MB of RAM, or more High-Volume A high-volume network is typically a network in an enterprise corporation with thousands of computers. High volume networks can obtain adequate Internet access using multiple proxy servers in a combined array and chain combination connected to a T1 line or greater. Microsoft recommends that the computer hosting Proxy Server meet the following minimum requirements: à ¤ Intel Pentium 200, Pentium Pro 166 or faster à ¤ 8 to 16GB of storage space for caching à ¤ 128 to 256MB of RAM, or more

Areas of Sociology Essay

Sociology is a very broad and diverse field. There are many different topics and scopes in the field of sociology, some of which are relatively new. The following are some of the major areas of research and application within the field of sociology. For a full list of sociology disciplines and areas of research, visit the sociology disciplines page. Family. The sociology of family examines things such as marriage, divorce, child rearing, and domestic abuse. Specifically, sociologists study how these aspects of the family are defined in different cultures and times and how they affect individuals and institutions. Deviance And Crime. These sociologists, also called criminologists, examine cultural norms, how they change over time, how they are enforced, and what happens to individuals and societies when norms are broken. Deviance and social norms vary among societies, communities, and times, and often sociologists are interested in why these differences exist and how these differences impact the individuals and groups in those areas. Demography. Demography refers to a population’s composition. Some of the basic concepts explored in demography include birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and migration. Demographers are interested in how and why these demographics vary between societies, groups, and communities. Social Inequality. The study of social inequality examines the unequal distribution of power, privilege, and prestige in society. These sociologists study differences and inequalities in social class, race, and gender. Sociologists who study health and illness focus on the social effects of, and societal attitudes towards, illnesses, diseases, disabilities, and the aging process. This is not to be confused with medical sociology, which focuses on medical institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and physician offices as well as the interactions among physicians. Work And Industry. The sociology of work concerns the implications of technological change, globalization, labor markets, work organization, managerial practices, and employment relations. These sociologists are interested in workforce trends and how they relate to the changing patterns of inequality in modern societies as well as how they affect the experiences of individuals and families. Race And Ethnicity. The sociology of race and ethnicity examines the social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. Topics commonly studied include racism, residential segregation, and the differences in social processes between racial and ethnic groups. Military sociology looks at the military as a social group rather than an organization and examines issues related to coerced collective action, survival in vocation and combat, civilian-military relations, and interactions between other groups or government agencies. Education. The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures and experiences. In particular, sociologists might look at how different aspects of educational institutions (teacher attitudes, peer influence, school climate, school resources, etc. ) affect learning and other outcomes. Religion. The sociology of religion concerns the practice, history, development, and roles of religion in society. These sociologists examine religious trends over time, how various religions affect social interactions both within the religion and outside of it, and relations within religious institutions. The Internet. Sociology of the Internet includes the analysis of online communities (newsgroups, social networking sites, etc. ) and virtual worlds. Sociologists are interested in the social implications of the Internet and how virtual communities and worlds are transforming real communities and societies across the globe.

Constantine I (306 - 337 A.D.)

Constantine I (306 - 337 A.D.) The Emperor Constantine I was effectively the sole ruler of the Roman world between 324 and 337 A.D.; his reign was perhaps one of the most crucial of all the emperors in determining the future course of western civilization. By beginning the process of making Christianity the religious foundation of his realm, he set the religious course for the future of Europe, which remains in place to this very day. Because he replaced Rome with Constantinople as the center of imperial power, he made it clear that the city of Rome was no longer the center of power and he set the stage for the Middle Ages. His philosophical view of monarchy, largely spelled out in some of the works of Eusebius of Caesarea, became the foundation for the concept of the divine right of kings, which prevailed in Europe.Flavius Valerius Constantinus, the son of Constantius Chlorus and Helena, seems to have been born in Naissus in Serbia on 27 February ca.English: Side view of Ponte Milvio, Rome.272 or 273 A.D. When hi s father had become Caesar in 293 A.D., Constantius had sent his son to the Emperor Galerius as hostage for his own good behavior; Constantine, however, returned to his dying father's side in Britain on 25 July 306. Soon after his father's death, Constantine was raised to the purple by the army. The period between 306 and 324, when Constantine became sole imperator, was a period of unremitting civil war. Two sets of campaigns not only guaranteed Constantine a spot in Roman history, but also made him sole ruler of the Roman Empire. On 28 October 312 he defeated Maxentius, his opponent, at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge; in 314, 316, and 324, he repeatedly defeated his last remaining rival Licinius. Once he had overcome him, he was the undisputed...

A Shared Theme between Two Works

A Shared Theme between Two Works Introduction The presence of shared themes in masterpieces of different authors is not an intended practice pushed by lack of originality but an inevitable coincidence usually fuelled by the many common things that people share or manifest in their day-to-day interactions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Shared Theme between Two Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Playwrights and filmmakers from all over the world focus much on issues, whether good or bad, which seem dominant in some people, gender, country or the world at large addressing them in their works with the sole purpose of promoting or prohibiting them. On many occasions, fanatics of literature have identified several similar themes highlighted by different dramatists though from different perspectives. For instance, the issues of racism, AIDS, and social conflicts to quote a few appear everywhere and therefore, the playwrights from the corresponding places might seek to highlight the same issues coincidentally hence featuring shared themes in their works. However, regardless of the authors, the themes present crucial messages in the novels with the emphasis of the particular message brought to light when readers encounter the same lesson in another work. Susan Glaspell and Flannery O’Connor provide the best illustration of the subject in their respective narratives ‘Trifles’ and ‘Everything that Rises Must Converge’. The two novels feature a shared theme of restoring of the lost ethics of the past like dignity and a discrimination-free society. In fact, O’Connor points out that people need to replace the new vices with the best virtues employed in the past. As the paper unfolds, the theme plays a vital role across the two novels since the authors successfully point out the conflicts that arise because of people’s failure to recognize the dignity of others and finally depicts the af flicted people assertively participating in the process of demanding their due rights, which they recover at last. Restoring the Lost Ethics The restoration the lost ethics does not come automatically but rather calls for people’s involvement. O’Connor and Glaspell strategically allocate different roles to their different characters in their endeavor to present the theme of restoring the lost ethics as vivid as it stands. However, the process of recovery does not seem friendly. It costs a good deal of sacrifice ranging from the sacrifice of money, relationship, time not sparing the sacrifice of self. Further, just as pride precedes a fall, a problem too must come before a solution and hence the reason behind the evident conflicts, ranging from social to racial. The title of O’Connor’s chef-d’oeuvre ‘Everything that Rises Must Converge’ might seem contracting provided the readers fail to understand the underlying implication.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It speaks in favor of the theme. The account presents episodes of racial conflicts between two women of differing skin colors: black and white. The only mentioned woman, Mrs. Chestny has a grown up boy Julian. Chestny imagines of the lost racial balance between the blacks and the whites. Based on how the author presents her, the reader might interpret her as both racist and non-racist. Firstly, the narrator presents her as strictly against racism that has significantly risen among people and one who works towards ensuring that people view each other as of one race hence the convergence of the risen racism, as pointed out by the author. In the process of developing the theme, O’Connor points out that people in need of such a convergence must participate towards realizing it. Chestny, an epitome of such people, cannot recognize the dif ference between her and the black child whom she offers a penny, as she always does with other children regardless of their race. The theme, as expressed within the context of this woman in the narrative is important because it emphasizes on the need to curb practices like racism that foster conflicts rather than peace, love and harmony. Such an exposition stands out in Glaspell’s novel. Just as O’Connor addresses the need of the contemporary divided society to live together as it was in the old times, Glaspell too drives home the point of men and women living together with each viewing the other as equally important. The author addresses the conflicts that arose when men began to view their women as ‘trifles’ or rather insignificant. The only difference between the two novels is the change of parameters from black and white, as in O’Connor’s work, to male and female in Glaspell’s narrative. In the latter novel, the author seeks to rec over the lost dignity and relationship between the male and the female. Mr. Wright and Mrs. Wright provide the best illustration of the claim. Firstly, the reader needs to realize that the name Wright is a crafted name implying that men are always right and women therefore need to adhere to their men’s opinions and not the reverse since they (women) are insignificant. However, Mrs. Wright does not manifest her feeling of dissatisfaction based on her lowered dignity though the final episodes indicate clearly that she is. While Mr. Wright heads the whole family, he allocates the kitchen only as the place for his wife, a share whose insignificance shows how much Wright values his wife. Back to the theme under study, Glaspell seeks to see this practice substituted with the right one. However, as O’Connor points out through Mrs. Chestny, it calls for one’s participation to realize the change he/she wants, the reason as to why Mrs. Wright dares to murder her husband t o pave way for men who will treat women as equal to them. Upon taking Mrs. Wright in custody of the murder of her husband, the Attorney declares the case as unimportant and one involving ‘kitchen things’ since Mrs. Wright is a woman and hence unimportant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Shared Theme between Two Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reader, through the theme of recovering the lost ethics, as highlighted across the novels realizes that there is a cost, which people have to pay prior to the realization of their past dreams. The evident wrestling between Julian’s mother and the black woman in O’Connor’s novel shows how people must suffer oppositions from others who are not for the realization of the dream. For instance, the black woman, the mother to Carver seems opposed to the views of Julian’s mother, the white woman. The reader, from the second perspect ive interprets her as one who promotes racial prejudices rather than helping curb them. When Julian’s mother mentions words like ‘blacks’ and ‘whites’, she passes for a racist especially when she offers the penny to Carver in her endeavor to uphold the blacks. As a result, the white woman has to take the risk of fighting her as a way of teaching a lesson to the rest who might probably possess such racial biasness. It does not matter to her whether she will win or lose in the fight but sets her eyes fixed on seeing the risen racism converge and the recovery of the lost racism-free world. Julian too never intervenes despite the fact that the black woman attacks his mother. He has to sacrifice her in the process of establishing a racism-free generation. In addressing the cost that the women have t o pay in order to recover their lost recognition from their men, Glaspell finalizes her play by depicting the women and in particular Mrs. Wright, ‘knot ting it’ implying how she has murdered her husband. They do it courageously disregarding the possible repercussions they can encounter from their men as a result. They have decided to take the risk provided they will have their dignity restored. It too does not matter whether the process will cost them money, relationships or marriages. According to them, the end justifies the means, the reason as to why Mrs. Wright has to let go of her husband. Through the theme, the two playwrights seek to promote the awareness that women play some vital roles concerning the realization of some vital dreams. The two novels position the women characters in the front line in the fight against racial and gender discrimination. In O’Connor’s masterwork, the reader assumes that the bus that Julian and his mother use has other men as well apart from Julian, though the author does not clarify. However, when the black woman with a child enters, only to encounter Julian’s mother , the racist, the author presents a fight between the two women without featuring any man’s intervention. As she reveals, the fight marks the end of the white woman’s life, which symbolizes the end of racism.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, since the realization of a racism-free world is possible through women’s intervention, then women have the capability of arresting most of the vices that interfere with the smooth running of the society. Further, Glaspell successfully addresses the same issue. The author presents a society that allocates no value to women. According to the men, the women can do nothing other than the petty kitchen chores. However, upon the death of Mr. Wright, the men waste much time searching for the evidence concerning the death as well as the solution of the case. In fact, the entire play after the death concentrates on the search for the solution of the case, which the men never find. On the other hand, when the Mrs. Peters together with Mrs. Hale handle the same case, they within no time table the necessary evidence thereby solving the issue. Therefore, through the theme, men ought not to despise their women. They ought not to view them as unimportant and unable based on the v irtue of their womanhood. As the authors reveal, women end up coming up with the solutions of the most difficult challenges. They further occupy the frontline in bringing back the lost vital virtues of the past like respect, gender and racial equality among others. Conclusion Therefore, as per the expositions, the issue of featuring shared themes in different literary works plays a vital role in emphasizing some intended messages. O’Connor and Glaspell present the common theme of restoring the lost ethics in their respective plays ‘Everything that Rises Must Converge’ and ‘Trifles’. Through the theme, the readers realize that they have to contribute towards the restoration process, which is accompanied by a corresponding cost they need to pay in return. As the theme unfolds, it will cost one’s time, money, marriage and even self. Moreover, the authors together promote the awareness of the crucial roles that women play in the process of recover ing some lost vital morals like dignity, gender and social equality.

Analyze and discuss a monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyze and discuss a monopoly - Essay Example Monsanto is specialized in biotechnology and produces genetically engineered seeds. As they were pioneers in this area, they took advantage in the mid 90s genetically altered seeds' fever and patented all the modifications they had introduced. One of the main characteristics of these seeds is that they are not useful from one harvest to the next, which forces farmers to buy new seeds every year. To maintain their monopoly they firstly patented all their genetic modifications; then, they bought the most important seed companies in the U.S. 'As a result, two firms, Monsanto and Pioneer ([] purchased by DuPont), now dominate the U.S. seed business' ('Monsanto: The Bad Seed--Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly', Organic Consumers Association, http://www.organicconsumers.org). One of their allies was the U.S. government, which promoted the use of genetically modified seeds and allowed the sold of genetically modified food without labeling it as modified. Cases like the Monsanto Canada Inc. vs.

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, Ibsen explores as to why Nora, the Research Paper

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, Ibsen explores as to why Nora, the main character and protagonist, lacks such values and str - Research Paper Example Through the ‘ideology of separate spheres’, women became trapped within the domestic sphere, thus isolating them from the world and holding them back from forming complete identities. The reference used by Ibsen for the title, suggests the false and constructed reality of the domestic sphere as it limits women from reaching their potential In Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House† Ibsen explores as to why Nora, the main character and protagonist, lacks such values and struggles to find her own authentic identity in the face of a tyrannical male domineering society. During the 19th century a specific ideology in Victorian England emerged that defined the spaces in which the genders were assigned. Women were confined to the dominion of their husband within the domestic sphere, their lives to be lived within the space of home and social experience. Males were in dominion of the public sphere, their lives expanded to include business and politics with women not all owed, by law, to participate in their lives, which included their economic status where financial and real estate was concerned. There is some debate about the representation of separate spheres within literature. ... Some of this might be observed with â€Å"A Doll’s House†, although not outside of a believable relationship between a man and a woman, there is a distinct point made about the nature of male oppression. As Helmer uses diminutive language towards his wife, he sets the nature of their relationship through treating his wife like a child, a ‘doll’ that is coddled and protected into an unrealistic framework in which he dominates all important aspects of their life together. Helmer says to her â€Å"The same little feather head† and â€Å"Hasn’t Miss Sweet-Tooth been breaking rules in town today?† (Ibsen 12, 14). In regard to her spending habits he says â€Å"It’s a sweet little spendthrift, but she uses up a deal of money† (Ibsen 14). He treats her like a child, speaking to her in a manner that is condescending and without any sort of recognition of her adult place within the marriage. Nora is not a complete person to him, but someone who has no sense and must be considered without any regard to the concept of her opinion. He determines what is important within the household and when he fails to see some of the aspects of domestic life that must be attended, she must find ways to manipulate their relationship in order to accomplish what must be done. Her choices are limited because she is not considered to have a valuable place within their household, other than that which he has determined she is qualified to hold. When Helmer addresses her by saying â€Å"Hasn’t Miss Sweet-Tooth been breaking rules in town today†, he is chastising her like she is a naughty child, ‘teasing; her with the idea that she is not in control of her desires and impulses (Ibsen 14). He further diminishes her when he speaks to her without a direct application of her name, the

DS Final Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DS Final - Dissertation Example In the wake of such levels of debate and discussion among researchers, it is always useful to introduce a new paradigm that would serve as an alternative. Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) has been found to be a new technology that most IT projects would want to use in the provision of communication services. This is largely due to the level of reliability associated with the service output of VoIP. The study therefore took advantage to introduce a paradigm shift in medical alert systems by using VoIP instead of POTS. This was done through the development of medical software that was called VoIP medical alert system. Medical alert service is subsequently analyzed in this paper as a customized and integrated work activity, using emergency medicine as a theoretical framework. Medical alert service is regarded in the paper as an emergency response scheme that demands that medical care reach service users in emergency within the shortest timeframe. But for this to be achieved, the need to have a reliable and efficient communication system to link up to the medical alert service was necessary. Information systems theory was thus used as an activity theory to guide the development and introduction of the VoIP medical alert system at the St Theresa Hospital. ... I declare that the dissertation describes original work that has not previously been presented for the award of any other degree of any institution. Signed, your-name-here â€Å"This dissertation contains material that is confidential and/or commercially sensitive. It is included here on the understanding that this will not be revealed to any person not involved in the assessment process.† Student, Supervisors and Classes: Student name: Student ID number: GDI name: CRMT class ID: DA name: Yongge Wang CAC class ID: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people played very instrumental roles in the completion of the current research. For various roles in which they supported me morally, spiritually, intellectually, and logistically, I would like to express a depth of gratitude to I would like to thank Dr.Yongge Wang (my dissertation advisor) for his support throughout this dissertation. I would like to thank my family for their continuous support and the University of Toronto. Finally, to all respondents who dedicated their time to answering interview questions during the primary data collection. LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Emergency Services given before and after the Intervention 47 Table 6.2 Deaths recorded before and after the Intervention 49 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 3.1 Information Systems as an Activity 25 Fig 3.2 Decision-Making Theory Diagram 26 Fig 4.1 SSDAM Diagram 30 Fig 4.2 Simplified Data Flow Diagram 32 Fig 4.3 Business Systems Options Diagram 33 Fig 4.4 Requirements Specifications Diagram 35 Fig 5.1 Combined use of Waterfall Model and Action Research 42 TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Scope 10 1.2 Problem Statement 11 1.3 Approach 12

Football the Good Essay Example for Free

Football the Good Essay My favorite sport is foot ball. Foot ball is considered a contact sport. It allows you to meet other boys my age. But most of all it helps me to build physically and mentally. There is nothing like getting in to the uniform and out on the field. I like to look at the crowd and hope they are going to cheer for my team. Before we get on the field, we have to do a few exercises which keeps us limber and in shape. We do push up and run, there are other exercises we have to do in our practice sessions. Which is at least 4 times week? I believe in football you get more exercises than any other sport. I like the fact that we can play under the lights at night. This seems to be the best time to draw a crowd to cheer you on and parents arent so apt to be working so they can come and enjoy the game. Nothing makes me prouder than to have my dad tell me what a good job i did. My dad loves football as much as I do and it seems to bring us together more. We watch a lot of football on television. Yes, you can get hurt in football, which is why some kids dont want to play. But, some hospital records show that you get hurt just as much or even more playing soccer. You can get hurt playing baseball and some of the other sports also. To be honest, I would not suggest playing a sport of any kind if you are afraid of getting hurt. Not only do you get the satisfaction of playing the sport, you can also get the attention of the cheerleaders. Who wouldnt want that? I have played football since I was A young boy and I hope to play in college. Who knows I may get scouted for the major leagues. Yes football is my favorite sport whether I am playing or watching it on television.

Historical background of Marks and Spencer

Historical background of Marks and Spencer Marks Spencer Plc started in a stall in 1884 by Michael Marks in a Leeds market after which he was joined by a partner Tom Spencer. They both had a reputation of selling only British made goods in the 20th century, a policy discontinued in 2002.Marks Spencer Plc is seen as the British Retailer that sells clothes, gifts, home furnishing and food formerly under the name of St. Michael but rebranded as Marks Spencer in United Kingdom, Europe, Far East and the Americas. Marks Spencer Plc has made itself widely known in the UK with over 450 stores and its largest store at Marble Arch, London. By 1975 they had moved to Europe and Canada where they are fully established. Marks Spencer Plc which initially functioned under the name St Michaels had an unlimited time period on their return policy as long as the customer could produce a receipt, this policy was later reviewed to 90 days in 2005 and a further review to 35 days in 2009. Marks Spencer Plc returns policy is seen as the most generous on the British High Street. By the end of the 1990s Marks Spencer Plc had a problem as their profit plunged because of the rising cost of using British Suppliers as rival retailers were importing their goods from lower cost countries and also because of the fact that Marks Spencer Plc did not accept other credit cards except their store cash cards amongst a host of other reasons. During their downturn period, Marks Spencer Plc refused to budge in switching to overseas low cost suppliers as it was seen as a n act which undermined a core part of its appeal to the public. All these fac tors constituted to Marks Spencer Plc sudden slump which caught the company, its shareholders, retail stores and the general public by surprise as not only did their share price fall more than two thirds of the original market price so also did their profit. In 2001 with drastic changes in its business focus such as accepting other credit cards, introduction of new range like per una , indigo etc, reengineering of its business model and strategy, restructuring and redesigning their store, providing adequate changing room etc, Marks Spencer Plc fought its way back into the UK market. Source: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/ourhistory TASK 1 1.1 Importance of external factors [P1] External factor plays a very important role in Marks Spencer Plc. No organisation can escape from the external factors of a business. It is the key that drives helps focus on what is most important to explore the different ways in which the business environment might change. These external factors are Political, Economic, Social Culture, Technological, Environment and Legal. This is known as the PESTLE ANALYSIS. The external factor helps to know and under study the political factor the company is operating in. The external factor helps to know the social life style of my customer. The external factor helps to know the technological situation I find myself inn. The external factor helps the organisation to understand the business environment It also helps the business to understand the business circle, exchange rate, economic growth rate etc. It also helps the business to know more about the legal standard of the economy such as health and safety, legislative constraints etc. It helps the business to understand and know their competitors The external factor also helps the business to understand the social influences such as changing culture and demographics Business that looks on the solution of the external factors will run its business properly. Oxbridge writers on Marks and Spencer corporate objectives: Full text [online] http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/marketing/marks-spencers-corporate-objectives.php [END OF P1] 1.2 The needs and expectation of stakeholders [P2] A stakeholder is any person, group or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. (Bryson 1995) The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Stakeholders Needs of stakeholder Expectations Customers To provide good customer services To provide low price To provide good product To provide local source of product Provide community program Customer loyalty Promotion and activities Employee To provide pay raise Job retention Job training To provide a comfortable working environment Give bonus Provide education Rotation of job Shareholders Provide adequate communication Increase in share prices Increase in dividends To keep them informed Good turn over Good return on investment Banks Inflow of cash Loan lending Suppliers Increase in supplies Local sourcing of product Turnover increase Want to sell goods in volume at good prices. Source: By student from lecturer lecture note Managers need to be conscious of the financial impact on various stakeholders of the strategies they are pursing or planning to pursue. They also need to understand how the capability to meet these varied expectations could enable the success of some strategies whilst limiting the ability of an organisation to succeed with other strategies. [END OF P2] 1.3 Major change taking place in the external environment [P3] Political situation: The government plays a very important role within the operation of manufacturing these productions in terms of regulation. There are potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The changes in laws and regulation, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements,(including tax rate, new tax laws and revised tax interpretations) and environment laws in domestic or foreign regulations e.tc. This law has affected Marks and Spencer in different ways especially in the increase in Vat. This will increase the prise of their product and reduce the market sell of their product. Economic situation: The economic plays another important role in the business. However, things changed. Most economists loosely define a recession as two consecutive quarters of contraction, or negative GDP growth. Marks and Spencer s customer don t spend allot anymore instead there save their money. The ongoing recession has brought down their market sale and put them in a stage of looking for a better strategy to fight the recession. Social situation: Many people are practicing new lifestyles in the economy. The social culture of an environment can affect Marks and Spencer in a different ways. The government are cutting down medical budget. In this case, they are trying to educate allot of people to do exercise and those from the age of 37 to 55 will also increasingly concern with nutrition. Majority of the people are now looking after their health and doing much exercise to slim their body down. So this has affected Marks and Spencer because they will need to get better and fitted cloths for their customer to make sure there meets up their customer expectation. Technological situation: This can also affect the business especially now most organisation are introducing the online services, home delivery, virtual sales etc. This will reduce Marks and Spencer sales because it will depend on how fast the organisation will deliver a customer goods that will encourage the customer to be more attracted to them .And even where they have alot aged; most of the worker won t be able to operate this new technology. They will have to go through training process and this will cost the company to spend more. Most of this technology can be misused and might cause problem in the company. Environment situation: Studying the environment is another important way to prevent some environmental problems like, weather, transport problems, competitive problems, customer choices, customer queries etc. Marks and Spencer always make sure they are in the right position to provide for the customer the best services ever. Changes in weather affect seasonal products of Marks and Spencer so they always try to find the best strategies to make sure their goods are been sold out at a particular season. Legal situation: This can also affect Marks and Spencer in term of adjustment of the legislation. But the company try to make those changes in a way that their customer will be retain and their services will be increase. Sources: Morrison, M (2008) Pestle Analysis. CIPD Factsheet.RapidBi Marks and Spencer (2010) investor s Full text [online] http://www.marksandspencer.com/ [END OF P3] TASK 2 2.1 The current position of Marks and Spence [P5] INTERNAL EXTERNAL Product: The company offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing and home product, as well as outstanding quality foods. Political: This is an important factor that drives the strategic of many organizations to change. The change of constitution of politics affects the strategic of an organization. The changes of government affect the strategic of organization to change. The shift of political power from government to global organization affect the organization affects the organization strategy. Many organizations always try to change their strategy to fit the political view of the economic. Staff: The company provide good staffs that help improved the customer services. They also retain their staffs and provide them with training that will increase their services toward their customer. Economic: This concerns the financial structure, objectives and constrains place upon the organisation. This relates to both the external(that is, the levels of profit and turnover generated and the extent to which this is viable and able to sustain current and envisaged levels of activity) Market: MS have a high interest in the market. They always try to provide the best customer service and provide the best quality product that will enable them to gain competitive advantage. Social culture: This is another important factor that the organizations need to look into properly. The way the people lives, expectations, pattern of work, job, occupation and career patterns, changes in patterns of earnings etc. The social lives of most economy changes every year and organizations need to set up new strategic that will suite the social life of the economy. Promotion: Marks and Spencer introduce a promotion to keep their customer happy and to gain more customers. Technology: This factor affects the social, economic and business activities. Rendering many occupations and sectors obsolete; creating new occupation and sectors, opening up new spheres and location of activity. Organization should make sure there have the right technology to improve the organization works. Price: MS provide the best price to their product to gain competitive advantage. Environment: this is looking at what is happening within the environments where MS operate. Place: MS is located in a nice place where their customer can get a good car parking and quicker way to shop. Legal: this is looking on the changes in the legislation and how it s affecting MS. that is, the employment, access to material, quotas, resources, import/exports axations.etc. People: MS also provide the best people that will serve the best customer service to keep their customer happy. A good customer approach is very important in any business environment. Marks and Spencer (2010). Full text [online] http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/student_info [END OF P5] 2.2 The strength and weakness of MARKS and SPENCER [P6] STRENGHT ? Strong balance sheet ? Increase in turnover and trading profit ? Strong cash flow position ? Good human resources ? Brand awareness ? Leading premium quality food retailer OPPORTUNITIES ? Capability to turn resources into advantages ? Market shift to globalisation ? New product ? Customer demands changes to more value for money ? Diversification ? Develop overseas supply chain WEAKNESS ? Perception on high price ? Customer disinterest ? Environment issues(pollution) THREAT ? New and existing competitors ? Economic recession ? New legislation volatility of raw material ? Takeover bids ? Market shift to globalisation ? Low cost retailers Source: Marks and Spencer http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/home [END OF P6] 2.3 Tools used to analyse the effects of the current business plan [P4] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Market Penetration Product Development Market Development Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy when a business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. And these penetrations seek to achieve increasing the market share of current product, i.e. by combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resource dedicated to personal selling. This has help Marks and Spencer to secure dominance of growth markets. It restructures Marks and Spencer market by driving out competitors and it also increase patronage of their existing customer. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. Marks and Spencer has develop their market in so many different ways by providing a new distribution channel, new product dimensions or packaging, new geographical markets (for example exporting the product to new country), different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments. Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. Marks and Spencer brought up a strategy that may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification: Marks and Spencer has diversified alot to introduce new products into new markets. Even as there are more risks in it but they still get the right strategy to win their competitor who was there before them THE FIVE FORCES MODELS Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run profitability of MS and the food retailing industry Threat of new entrants: The new entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry and the market is also sensitive to reputation. The key barriers to entry include; the economics of scale, capital investment requirement, customer switching cost, access to industry distribution channels. In Marks and Spencer business line, the threat of new entrants is easy and high but the most important issues is to win your competitors and maintain the business. Threat of substitutes: substitute product can lower industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit the price level. The threat of substitute product depends on buyers willingness to substitute, the relative price and performance, the cost of switching to substitute. In Marks and Spencer the threat of substitute s product is low because majority of the customer who have been with them for a very long time enjoy their products and are still enjoying it. Bargaining power of suppliers: suppliers are very important in a business. They supply the company with raw material and other product. The cost of the item bought from supplier can have a significant impact on the organisation profitability. If the supplier has high bargaining power over the organisation, then the theory industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of supplier will be high when there are many buyers and few dominant suppliers, also when there are high valued product, when the supplier threaten to integrate forward into the industry (example brand manufacturing to set up their own retailer outlet), when the buyer does not threaten to integrate backward into supply Bargaining power of buyers: These are people who create demand in the organisation. The bargaining power of buyer is greater when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers, when the product are standardised, when the industry is not a key supplying group for buyer. In Marks and Spencer, the bargaining powers of buyers are not great Intensity of Rivalry: This will depend on the structure of the industry cost, the structure of competition, degree of differentiation, switching cost, strategic object, exist barriers. There are alot of competitor surrounding marks and Spencer but their customer still remain with them because of their old time being. All works above sources: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review, p86-104. [END OF P4] Task 3 3.1 The modelling tools to develop strategic option are [P7-8] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix POTER GENERIC MATRIX Micheal porter suggested four generic business strategies that could be adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. Differentiation Focus Differentiation Cost focus Cost leadership Narrow Broad Scope of business activities Strategy Differentiation: This strategy involves selecting one or more criteria used by buyer in a market-and then positioning the business uniquely to meet those criteria. This strategy is usually associated with charging a premium price for the product- often to reflect the higher production costs and extra value-added features provided for the consumer. Differentiation is about charging a premium price that more than covers the additional production cost, and giving customer clear reasons to prefer the product over other, less differentiated products. The Price of Marks and Spencer products are cheap compare to Tesco and Asda that have very cheap prices on the product. But yet Marks and Spencer customer still remains because to the quality of their products. Strategy-cost leadership: with this strategy, the objective is to become the lowest-cost producer in the industry. Many (perhaps all) market segments in the industry are supplied with the emphasis placed minimising costs. If the achieved selling price can at least equal (or near) the average for the market, then the lowest-cost producer will (in theory) enjoy the best profits. This strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses offering standard product with relatively little differentiation that is perfectly acceptable to the majority of customer. MS by cheap product/ clothing line and sell in a cheap price to meet competitors. Strategy- differentiation focus: in the differentiation focus, a business aims to differentiate with just one or a small number of target market segments. The special customer needs of the segment mean that there are opportunities to provide products that are clearly different form competitors who may be targeting a broader group of customer. The important issue for any business adopting this strategy to ensure that customer really do have different needs and wants. Marks and Spencer also deal on the older market (45-65 of age) which makes them different from other retailer shops like Tesco and Asda. They also used their brad to meet the needs of the olds. Strategy-cost focus: Here a business seeks a lower-cost advantage in just on a small number of market segments. The product will be basic- perhaps a similar product to the higher-priced and featured market leader, but acceptable to sufficient consumer. Such products are often called me too The Micheal Porter generic strategies are been used in many organisations including Marks and Spencer, either become the lowest cost retailer or different product and services in such a way that its valued by customer to the extent that they will pay a premium price. By Appling this strength in either a broad or narrow scope, the four generic strategies result: differentiation focus, differentiation, cost focus, cost leadership. Mark and Spencer core products are foods and clothing and it implement a focus generic strategy as it concentrate differentiation from Tesco, Asda, BHS, Top shop etc. Source: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review MARKETING MIX The marketing mix is very important in an organisation. This is the elements that are associated with the product(s) that affect whether the consumer decide to buy or not. They are four main factors that will decide if a consumer wants to buy or not. Prices: Marks and Spencer charges premium prices through its differentiation strategy. Product: Marks and Spencer markets its product based on superior quality and reliability. Place: Mark and Spencer products are sold through its large numbers of stores in city and town centres. MS has also expanded in sales and distribution channels through internet via it website (online shopping) Promotion: MS integrated marketing communication is delivered through media in various form, advertising, TV, national newspaper and magazines as well as website [END OF P7-8] 3.2 Option to form the basis of future organisation strategy [P9] Having analyse this models one which I believe would be able to help the company will be The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Marks and Spencer Market Penetration Marks and Spencer Product Development Marks and Spencer Market Development Marks and Spencer Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Under the market penetration, MS provide a good and quality service that has driven the organisation into a large market penetration. Marks and Spencer now introduce a product development by increasing the quality of their products and developing their product to enable them to develop their market. The market developments have also encouraged marks and Spence to employ the right staff with the right skills that will help reach the company objectives and achieve the organisation goals. Marks and Spencer diversification has also help the organisation in different ways. They started with cloths, and move to foods and drinks. The diversification has also enabled the organisation to stand up to their feet again and push forward to gain their goals. I will fully recommend the Ansoff matrix for marks and Spencer as they have been using it already in gaining in market penetration and development. [END OF P9] 3.3 Stakeholder mapping [P10] A stakeholder is any person or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. There are different ways in which stakeholder mapping can be used to gain an understanding of stakeholder influence. The approach to stakeholder mapping here identifies stakeholder expectations and powers and helps in understanding political rarities. The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Level of interest (A)Meet their needs Increase their effort Increase their level of interest (B)Key players Educate them on the company Engage and update the regularly Involve them in decision making (D)Least important Keep informed Try to communicate Let them know of any change (C)Participation Show consideration. Keep informed Participate in the company Try to increase the level of interest. Source: computed by student from lecture note Stakeholder mapping might help in understanding better some of the following issues: In determining purpose and strategy, which stakeholder expectations need to be most considered? Whether the actual levels of interest and power of stakeholders properly reflect the corporate governance framework within which the organization is operating. Who the key blockers and facilitators of a strategy are likely to be and how this could be responded to- for example, in term of education. Whether repositioning of certain stakeholder is desirable and/or feasible. This could be to lessen the influence of a key player or, in certain instances, to ensure that the key players who will champion the strategy. Source: Bryson,J.M (2004) Stakeholder Identification and Analysis techniques. Minnesota. Rouledge [END OF P10] TASK 4A 4.1 Criteria for reviewing a strategy are: [P11] ? Feasibility ? Suitability ? Acceptability ? Cost effectiveness ? Interest of other stakeholder ? Customer ? Competitors ? Nature of the product and services Customers: The customers of Marks and Spencer are very important to the organisation. MS customers find it hard to shop at another retail shop because of the old time relationship with the organisation. Customer satisfaction is very important to the organisation and MS always make sure that they provide the best customer services to their customer especially the aged. Interest of other stakeholder: the stakeholder is another important strategy MS love to use. The interest of their stake holders is how to develop and plan for the organisation growth. They love to stay close the stake holders, give them the right information there need to know and provides them with updated about the running of the organisation. Competitors: Marks and Spencer love to look at their competitor so as to get the strategy they are using and try to provide a better strategy to over shadow their competitor strategy. Competitors have been a big issue for Marks and Spencer and the always try to make their products as cheap like their competitor to attract more customer and to keep the own customer happy with no complains. Nature of the product and services: The nature of the product and services is always at a high level because they provide good quality products to their customer to show a differentiation between them and other competitors. They services they provide to the customer are very much enjoyable because they are always there to help u out and show u the best product u needs to have. The strategy plan for MARKS and SPENCER ARE [continuation of P11] PRESS RELEASE EXTRACT: 29 MARCH 2001 Source: From Marks and Spencer s Website 15/04/2002 PLAN 1, TOTAL FOCUS ON UK RETAIL 100% OWN BRAND: The company will return to selling only own brand products and brands exclusive to marks and Spencer so it can guarantee customers the quality, value and service they have come to expect. Central to the recovery plan is the delivery of significant improvement in product appeal, availability and value thereby rebuilding the relationship with core marks and Spencer customer. IMPROVED SEGMENTATION OF CLOTHING: Marks and Spencer will concentrate first on regaining the loyalty of core customer, who prefers classically stylish clothes. This is the priority. The company has plans to regain the confidence of its customer in the quality and fit of its clothing. It will sharpen price by rebalancing the price architecture, extending the range of entry-price merchandise and communicating this clearly to customers. BUILD ON SUCCESS IN FOOD: Marks and Spencer a food continues to perform well and has earned customers trust for providing quality, innovation and convenience. The business is a key platform for future growth and the company is considering opportunities to expand its reach through new locations and selling channels. DEVELOP HIGH-GROWTH AREAS OF HOME AND BEAUTY: the home business is growing strongly, with home furnishings and gifts the fastest growing product areas. Beauty, albeit relatively small, is also growing rapidly. Both of these areas offer promising opportunities for development and will be expected. ACCELERATE STORE RENEWAL PROGRAMME: Mark and Spencer will accelerate the rollout of the successful elements of its new concept format under a plan to refurbish more stores faster and at lower cost. Two thirds of its retail space (120 stores) will be completed by the end of the coming financial year, benefiting the majority of Marks and Spencer s customers. MORE INTENSIVE USE OF SPACE: Selling space will be reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per square foot. In total, 600,000 sq ft will be reallocated within the year to areas such as the new clothing range supplied by George Davies, Home, 50 new Beauty shops, and 30 new coffee shops. IMPROVE THE SUPPLY CHAIN: The Company continues to see substantial benefits from the reconfiguration of the supply base, being shown in a clothing primary margin that is rising strongly. The priorities now are to eliminate duplication and increase transparency. By re-establishing closer working relationships with its supply partners, historically and unique strength, marks and Spencer will achieve further improvements in quality, value, product appeal, and availability. Financial Services: Plans for the future include developing the Marks and Spencer store card as an essential partner to the growth of retail sales; a stronger presence for financial services in stores; continued growth of the credit business; and faster rates of growth of non-credit areas, which may involve bringing in external partners. PLAN 2 VALUE REALI