DS Final Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DS Final - Dissertation Example In the wake of such levels of debate and discussion among researchers, it is always useful to introduce a new paradigm that would serve as an alternative. Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) has been found to be a new technology that most IT projects would want to use in the provision of communication services. This is largely due to the level of reliability associated with the service output of VoIP. The study therefore took advantage to introduce a paradigm shift in medical alert systems by using VoIP instead of POTS. This was done through the development of medical software that was called VoIP medical alert system. Medical alert service is subsequently analyzed in this paper as a customized and integrated work activity, using emergency medicine as a theoretical framework. Medical alert service is regarded in the paper as an emergency response scheme that demands that medical care reach service users in emergency within the shortest timeframe. But for this to be achieved, the need to have a reliable and efficient communication system to link up to the medical alert service was necessary. Information systems theory was thus used as an activity theory to guide the development and introduction of the VoIP medical alert system at the St Theresa Hospital. ... I declare that the dissertation describes original work that has not previously been presented for the award of any other degree of any institution. Signed, your-name-here â€Å"This dissertation contains material that is confidential and/or commercially sensitive. It is included here on the understanding that this will not be revealed to any person not involved in the assessment process.† Student, Supervisors and Classes: Student name: Student ID number: GDI name: CRMT class ID: DA name: Yongge Wang CAC class ID: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people played very instrumental roles in the completion of the current research. For various roles in which they supported me morally, spiritually, intellectually, and logistically, I would like to express a depth of gratitude to I would like to thank Dr.Yongge Wang (my dissertation advisor) for his support throughout this dissertation. I would like to thank my family for their continuous support and the University of Toronto. Finally, to all respondents who dedicated their time to answering interview questions during the primary data collection. LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1 Emergency Services given before and after the Intervention 47 Table 6.2 Deaths recorded before and after the Intervention 49 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 3.1 Information Systems as an Activity 25 Fig 3.2 Decision-Making Theory Diagram 26 Fig 4.1 SSDAM Diagram 30 Fig 4.2 Simplified Data Flow Diagram 32 Fig 4.3 Business Systems Options Diagram 33 Fig 4.4 Requirements Specifications Diagram 35 Fig 5.1 Combined use of Waterfall Model and Action Research 42 TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Scope 10 1.2 Problem Statement 11 1.3 Approach 12

Football the Good Essay Example for Free

Football the Good Essay My favorite sport is foot ball. Foot ball is considered a contact sport. It allows you to meet other boys my age. But most of all it helps me to build physically and mentally. There is nothing like getting in to the uniform and out on the field. I like to look at the crowd and hope they are going to cheer for my team. Before we get on the field, we have to do a few exercises which keeps us limber and in shape. We do push up and run, there are other exercises we have to do in our practice sessions. Which is at least 4 times week? I believe in football you get more exercises than any other sport. I like the fact that we can play under the lights at night. This seems to be the best time to draw a crowd to cheer you on and parents arent so apt to be working so they can come and enjoy the game. Nothing makes me prouder than to have my dad tell me what a good job i did. My dad loves football as much as I do and it seems to bring us together more. We watch a lot of football on television. Yes, you can get hurt in football, which is why some kids dont want to play. But, some hospital records show that you get hurt just as much or even more playing soccer. You can get hurt playing baseball and some of the other sports also. To be honest, I would not suggest playing a sport of any kind if you are afraid of getting hurt. Not only do you get the satisfaction of playing the sport, you can also get the attention of the cheerleaders. Who wouldnt want that? I have played football since I was A young boy and I hope to play in college. Who knows I may get scouted for the major leagues. Yes football is my favorite sport whether I am playing or watching it on television.

Historical background of Marks and Spencer

Historical background of Marks and Spencer Marks Spencer Plc started in a stall in 1884 by Michael Marks in a Leeds market after which he was joined by a partner Tom Spencer. They both had a reputation of selling only British made goods in the 20th century, a policy discontinued in 2002.Marks Spencer Plc is seen as the British Retailer that sells clothes, gifts, home furnishing and food formerly under the name of St. Michael but rebranded as Marks Spencer in United Kingdom, Europe, Far East and the Americas. Marks Spencer Plc has made itself widely known in the UK with over 450 stores and its largest store at Marble Arch, London. By 1975 they had moved to Europe and Canada where they are fully established. Marks Spencer Plc which initially functioned under the name St Michaels had an unlimited time period on their return policy as long as the customer could produce a receipt, this policy was later reviewed to 90 days in 2005 and a further review to 35 days in 2009. Marks Spencer Plc returns policy is seen as the most generous on the British High Street. By the end of the 1990s Marks Spencer Plc had a problem as their profit plunged because of the rising cost of using British Suppliers as rival retailers were importing their goods from lower cost countries and also because of the fact that Marks Spencer Plc did not accept other credit cards except their store cash cards amongst a host of other reasons. During their downturn period, Marks Spencer Plc refused to budge in switching to overseas low cost suppliers as it was seen as a n act which undermined a core part of its appeal to the public. All these fac tors constituted to Marks Spencer Plc sudden slump which caught the company, its shareholders, retail stores and the general public by surprise as not only did their share price fall more than two thirds of the original market price so also did their profit. In 2001 with drastic changes in its business focus such as accepting other credit cards, introduction of new range like per una , indigo etc, reengineering of its business model and strategy, restructuring and redesigning their store, providing adequate changing room etc, Marks Spencer Plc fought its way back into the UK market. Source: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/ourhistory TASK 1 1.1 Importance of external factors [P1] External factor plays a very important role in Marks Spencer Plc. No organisation can escape from the external factors of a business. It is the key that drives helps focus on what is most important to explore the different ways in which the business environment might change. These external factors are Political, Economic, Social Culture, Technological, Environment and Legal. This is known as the PESTLE ANALYSIS. The external factor helps to know and under study the political factor the company is operating in. The external factor helps to know the social life style of my customer. The external factor helps to know the technological situation I find myself inn. The external factor helps the organisation to understand the business environment It also helps the business to understand the business circle, exchange rate, economic growth rate etc. It also helps the business to know more about the legal standard of the economy such as health and safety, legislative constraints etc. It helps the business to understand and know their competitors The external factor also helps the business to understand the social influences such as changing culture and demographics Business that looks on the solution of the external factors will run its business properly. Oxbridge writers on Marks and Spencer corporate objectives: Full text [online] http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/marketing/marks-spencers-corporate-objectives.php [END OF P1] 1.2 The needs and expectation of stakeholders [P2] A stakeholder is any person, group or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. (Bryson 1995) The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Stakeholders Needs of stakeholder Expectations Customers To provide good customer services To provide low price To provide good product To provide local source of product Provide community program Customer loyalty Promotion and activities Employee To provide pay raise Job retention Job training To provide a comfortable working environment Give bonus Provide education Rotation of job Shareholders Provide adequate communication Increase in share prices Increase in dividends To keep them informed Good turn over Good return on investment Banks Inflow of cash Loan lending Suppliers Increase in supplies Local sourcing of product Turnover increase Want to sell goods in volume at good prices. Source: By student from lecturer lecture note Managers need to be conscious of the financial impact on various stakeholders of the strategies they are pursing or planning to pursue. They also need to understand how the capability to meet these varied expectations could enable the success of some strategies whilst limiting the ability of an organisation to succeed with other strategies. [END OF P2] 1.3 Major change taking place in the external environment [P3] Political situation: The government plays a very important role within the operation of manufacturing these productions in terms of regulation. There are potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The changes in laws and regulation, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements,(including tax rate, new tax laws and revised tax interpretations) and environment laws in domestic or foreign regulations e.tc. This law has affected Marks and Spencer in different ways especially in the increase in Vat. This will increase the prise of their product and reduce the market sell of their product. Economic situation: The economic plays another important role in the business. However, things changed. Most economists loosely define a recession as two consecutive quarters of contraction, or negative GDP growth. Marks and Spencer s customer don t spend allot anymore instead there save their money. The ongoing recession has brought down their market sale and put them in a stage of looking for a better strategy to fight the recession. Social situation: Many people are practicing new lifestyles in the economy. The social culture of an environment can affect Marks and Spencer in a different ways. The government are cutting down medical budget. In this case, they are trying to educate allot of people to do exercise and those from the age of 37 to 55 will also increasingly concern with nutrition. Majority of the people are now looking after their health and doing much exercise to slim their body down. So this has affected Marks and Spencer because they will need to get better and fitted cloths for their customer to make sure there meets up their customer expectation. Technological situation: This can also affect the business especially now most organisation are introducing the online services, home delivery, virtual sales etc. This will reduce Marks and Spencer sales because it will depend on how fast the organisation will deliver a customer goods that will encourage the customer to be more attracted to them .And even where they have alot aged; most of the worker won t be able to operate this new technology. They will have to go through training process and this will cost the company to spend more. Most of this technology can be misused and might cause problem in the company. Environment situation: Studying the environment is another important way to prevent some environmental problems like, weather, transport problems, competitive problems, customer choices, customer queries etc. Marks and Spencer always make sure they are in the right position to provide for the customer the best services ever. Changes in weather affect seasonal products of Marks and Spencer so they always try to find the best strategies to make sure their goods are been sold out at a particular season. Legal situation: This can also affect Marks and Spencer in term of adjustment of the legislation. But the company try to make those changes in a way that their customer will be retain and their services will be increase. Sources: Morrison, M (2008) Pestle Analysis. CIPD Factsheet.RapidBi Marks and Spencer (2010) investor s Full text [online] http://www.marksandspencer.com/ [END OF P3] TASK 2 2.1 The current position of Marks and Spence [P5] INTERNAL EXTERNAL Product: The company offer stylish, high quality, great value clothing and home product, as well as outstanding quality foods. Political: This is an important factor that drives the strategic of many organizations to change. The change of constitution of politics affects the strategic of an organization. The changes of government affect the strategic of organization to change. The shift of political power from government to global organization affect the organization affects the organization strategy. Many organizations always try to change their strategy to fit the political view of the economic. Staff: The company provide good staffs that help improved the customer services. They also retain their staffs and provide them with training that will increase their services toward their customer. Economic: This concerns the financial structure, objectives and constrains place upon the organisation. This relates to both the external(that is, the levels of profit and turnover generated and the extent to which this is viable and able to sustain current and envisaged levels of activity) Market: MS have a high interest in the market. They always try to provide the best customer service and provide the best quality product that will enable them to gain competitive advantage. Social culture: This is another important factor that the organizations need to look into properly. The way the people lives, expectations, pattern of work, job, occupation and career patterns, changes in patterns of earnings etc. The social lives of most economy changes every year and organizations need to set up new strategic that will suite the social life of the economy. Promotion: Marks and Spencer introduce a promotion to keep their customer happy and to gain more customers. Technology: This factor affects the social, economic and business activities. Rendering many occupations and sectors obsolete; creating new occupation and sectors, opening up new spheres and location of activity. Organization should make sure there have the right technology to improve the organization works. Price: MS provide the best price to their product to gain competitive advantage. Environment: this is looking at what is happening within the environments where MS operate. Place: MS is located in a nice place where their customer can get a good car parking and quicker way to shop. Legal: this is looking on the changes in the legislation and how it s affecting MS. that is, the employment, access to material, quotas, resources, import/exports axations.etc. People: MS also provide the best people that will serve the best customer service to keep their customer happy. A good customer approach is very important in any business environment. Marks and Spencer (2010). Full text [online] http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/student_info [END OF P5] 2.2 The strength and weakness of MARKS and SPENCER [P6] STRENGHT ? Strong balance sheet ? Increase in turnover and trading profit ? Strong cash flow position ? Good human resources ? Brand awareness ? Leading premium quality food retailer OPPORTUNITIES ? Capability to turn resources into advantages ? Market shift to globalisation ? New product ? Customer demands changes to more value for money ? Diversification ? Develop overseas supply chain WEAKNESS ? Perception on high price ? Customer disinterest ? Environment issues(pollution) THREAT ? New and existing competitors ? Economic recession ? New legislation volatility of raw material ? Takeover bids ? Market shift to globalisation ? Low cost retailers Source: Marks and Spencer http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/home [END OF P6] 2.3 Tools used to analyse the effects of the current business plan [P4] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Market Penetration Product Development Market Development Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy when a business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. And these penetrations seek to achieve increasing the market share of current product, i.e. by combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resource dedicated to personal selling. This has help Marks and Spencer to secure dominance of growth markets. It restructures Marks and Spencer market by driving out competitors and it also increase patronage of their existing customer. Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. Marks and Spencer has develop their market in so many different ways by providing a new distribution channel, new product dimensions or packaging, new geographical markets (for example exporting the product to new country), different pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segments. Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. Marks and Spencer brought up a strategy that may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification: Marks and Spencer has diversified alot to introduce new products into new markets. Even as there are more risks in it but they still get the right strategy to win their competitor who was there before them THE FIVE FORCES MODELS Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run profitability of MS and the food retailing industry Threat of new entrants: The new entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry and the market is also sensitive to reputation. The key barriers to entry include; the economics of scale, capital investment requirement, customer switching cost, access to industry distribution channels. In Marks and Spencer business line, the threat of new entrants is easy and high but the most important issues is to win your competitors and maintain the business. Threat of substitutes: substitute product can lower industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit the price level. The threat of substitute product depends on buyers willingness to substitute, the relative price and performance, the cost of switching to substitute. In Marks and Spencer the threat of substitute s product is low because majority of the customer who have been with them for a very long time enjoy their products and are still enjoying it. Bargaining power of suppliers: suppliers are very important in a business. They supply the company with raw material and other product. The cost of the item bought from supplier can have a significant impact on the organisation profitability. If the supplier has high bargaining power over the organisation, then the theory industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of supplier will be high when there are many buyers and few dominant suppliers, also when there are high valued product, when the supplier threaten to integrate forward into the industry (example brand manufacturing to set up their own retailer outlet), when the buyer does not threaten to integrate backward into supply Bargaining power of buyers: These are people who create demand in the organisation. The bargaining power of buyer is greater when there are few dominant buyers and many sellers, when the product are standardised, when the industry is not a key supplying group for buyer. In Marks and Spencer, the bargaining powers of buyers are not great Intensity of Rivalry: This will depend on the structure of the industry cost, the structure of competition, degree of differentiation, switching cost, strategic object, exist barriers. There are alot of competitor surrounding marks and Spencer but their customer still remain with them because of their old time being. All works above sources: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review, p86-104. [END OF P4] Task 3 3.1 The modelling tools to develop strategic option are [P7-8] ? Ansoff growth matrix ? Value chain ? BCG matrix ? Core competences ? Porter generic matrix ? Porter 5 forces ? Product life circle ? The gap analysis ? Marketing Mix POTER GENERIC MATRIX Micheal porter suggested four generic business strategies that could be adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. Differentiation Focus Differentiation Cost focus Cost leadership Narrow Broad Scope of business activities Strategy Differentiation: This strategy involves selecting one or more criteria used by buyer in a market-and then positioning the business uniquely to meet those criteria. This strategy is usually associated with charging a premium price for the product- often to reflect the higher production costs and extra value-added features provided for the consumer. Differentiation is about charging a premium price that more than covers the additional production cost, and giving customer clear reasons to prefer the product over other, less differentiated products. The Price of Marks and Spencer products are cheap compare to Tesco and Asda that have very cheap prices on the product. But yet Marks and Spencer customer still remains because to the quality of their products. Strategy-cost leadership: with this strategy, the objective is to become the lowest-cost producer in the industry. Many (perhaps all) market segments in the industry are supplied with the emphasis placed minimising costs. If the achieved selling price can at least equal (or near) the average for the market, then the lowest-cost producer will (in theory) enjoy the best profits. This strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses offering standard product with relatively little differentiation that is perfectly acceptable to the majority of customer. MS by cheap product/ clothing line and sell in a cheap price to meet competitors. Strategy- differentiation focus: in the differentiation focus, a business aims to differentiate with just one or a small number of target market segments. The special customer needs of the segment mean that there are opportunities to provide products that are clearly different form competitors who may be targeting a broader group of customer. The important issue for any business adopting this strategy to ensure that customer really do have different needs and wants. Marks and Spencer also deal on the older market (45-65 of age) which makes them different from other retailer shops like Tesco and Asda. They also used their brad to meet the needs of the olds. Strategy-cost focus: Here a business seeks a lower-cost advantage in just on a small number of market segments. The product will be basic- perhaps a similar product to the higher-priced and featured market leader, but acceptable to sufficient consumer. Such products are often called me too The Micheal Porter generic strategies are been used in many organisations including Marks and Spencer, either become the lowest cost retailer or different product and services in such a way that its valued by customer to the extent that they will pay a premium price. By Appling this strength in either a broad or narrow scope, the four generic strategies result: differentiation focus, differentiation, cost focus, cost leadership. Mark and Spencer core products are foods and clothing and it implement a focus generic strategy as it concentrate differentiation from Tesco, Asda, BHS, Top shop etc. Source: Porter,M.E.(2008) How competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard business review MARKETING MIX The marketing mix is very important in an organisation. This is the elements that are associated with the product(s) that affect whether the consumer decide to buy or not. They are four main factors that will decide if a consumer wants to buy or not. Prices: Marks and Spencer charges premium prices through its differentiation strategy. Product: Marks and Spencer markets its product based on superior quality and reliability. Place: Mark and Spencer products are sold through its large numbers of stores in city and town centres. MS has also expanded in sales and distribution channels through internet via it website (online shopping) Promotion: MS integrated marketing communication is delivered through media in various form, advertising, TV, national newspaper and magazines as well as website [END OF P7-8] 3.2 Option to form the basis of future organisation strategy [P9] Having analyse this models one which I believe would be able to help the company will be The Ansoff s product/market matrix Existing Product New Product Marks and Spencer Market Penetration Marks and Spencer Product Development Marks and Spencer Market Development Marks and Spencer Diversification The Ansoff growth matrix can be used to identify directions of Marks and Spencer strategic development. The Ansoff growth matrix provides direction for strategic option available to MS in terms of product and market coverage. Under the market penetration, MS provide a good and quality service that has driven the organisation into a large market penetration. Marks and Spencer now introduce a product development by increasing the quality of their products and developing their product to enable them to develop their market. The market developments have also encouraged marks and Spence to employ the right staff with the right skills that will help reach the company objectives and achieve the organisation goals. Marks and Spencer diversification has also help the organisation in different ways. They started with cloths, and move to foods and drinks. The diversification has also enabled the organisation to stand up to their feet again and push forward to gain their goals. I will fully recommend the Ansoff matrix for marks and Spencer as they have been using it already in gaining in market penetration and development. [END OF P9] 3.3 Stakeholder mapping [P10] A stakeholder is any person or institution that has an interest in an activity or project. This definition includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision making processes. There are different ways in which stakeholder mapping can be used to gain an understanding of stakeholder influence. The approach to stakeholder mapping here identifies stakeholder expectations and powers and helps in understanding political rarities. The stakeholders who have got an interest in Marks and Spencer are: Their banks, Shareholders, Employees, Customer, Suppliers Level of interest (A)Meet their needs Increase their effort Increase their level of interest (B)Key players Educate them on the company Engage and update the regularly Involve them in decision making (D)Least important Keep informed Try to communicate Let them know of any change (C)Participation Show consideration. Keep informed Participate in the company Try to increase the level of interest. Source: computed by student from lecture note Stakeholder mapping might help in understanding better some of the following issues: In determining purpose and strategy, which stakeholder expectations need to be most considered? Whether the actual levels of interest and power of stakeholders properly reflect the corporate governance framework within which the organization is operating. Who the key blockers and facilitators of a strategy are likely to be and how this could be responded to- for example, in term of education. Whether repositioning of certain stakeholder is desirable and/or feasible. This could be to lessen the influence of a key player or, in certain instances, to ensure that the key players who will champion the strategy. Source: Bryson,J.M (2004) Stakeholder Identification and Analysis techniques. Minnesota. Rouledge [END OF P10] TASK 4A 4.1 Criteria for reviewing a strategy are: [P11] ? Feasibility ? Suitability ? Acceptability ? Cost effectiveness ? Interest of other stakeholder ? Customer ? Competitors ? Nature of the product and services Customers: The customers of Marks and Spencer are very important to the organisation. MS customers find it hard to shop at another retail shop because of the old time relationship with the organisation. Customer satisfaction is very important to the organisation and MS always make sure that they provide the best customer services to their customer especially the aged. Interest of other stakeholder: the stakeholder is another important strategy MS love to use. The interest of their stake holders is how to develop and plan for the organisation growth. They love to stay close the stake holders, give them the right information there need to know and provides them with updated about the running of the organisation. Competitors: Marks and Spencer love to look at their competitor so as to get the strategy they are using and try to provide a better strategy to over shadow their competitor strategy. Competitors have been a big issue for Marks and Spencer and the always try to make their products as cheap like their competitor to attract more customer and to keep the own customer happy with no complains. Nature of the product and services: The nature of the product and services is always at a high level because they provide good quality products to their customer to show a differentiation between them and other competitors. They services they provide to the customer are very much enjoyable because they are always there to help u out and show u the best product u needs to have. The strategy plan for MARKS and SPENCER ARE [continuation of P11] PRESS RELEASE EXTRACT: 29 MARCH 2001 Source: From Marks and Spencer s Website 15/04/2002 PLAN 1, TOTAL FOCUS ON UK RETAIL 100% OWN BRAND: The company will return to selling only own brand products and brands exclusive to marks and Spencer so it can guarantee customers the quality, value and service they have come to expect. Central to the recovery plan is the delivery of significant improvement in product appeal, availability and value thereby rebuilding the relationship with core marks and Spencer customer. IMPROVED SEGMENTATION OF CLOTHING: Marks and Spencer will concentrate first on regaining the loyalty of core customer, who prefers classically stylish clothes. This is the priority. The company has plans to regain the confidence of its customer in the quality and fit of its clothing. It will sharpen price by rebalancing the price architecture, extending the range of entry-price merchandise and communicating this clearly to customers. BUILD ON SUCCESS IN FOOD: Marks and Spencer a food continues to perform well and has earned customers trust for providing quality, innovation and convenience. The business is a key platform for future growth and the company is considering opportunities to expand its reach through new locations and selling channels. DEVELOP HIGH-GROWTH AREAS OF HOME AND BEAUTY: the home business is growing strongly, with home furnishings and gifts the fastest growing product areas. Beauty, albeit relatively small, is also growing rapidly. Both of these areas offer promising opportunities for development and will be expected. ACCELERATE STORE RENEWAL PROGRAMME: Mark and Spencer will accelerate the rollout of the successful elements of its new concept format under a plan to refurbish more stores faster and at lower cost. Two thirds of its retail space (120 stores) will be completed by the end of the coming financial year, benefiting the majority of Marks and Spencer s customers. MORE INTENSIVE USE OF SPACE: Selling space will be reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per square foot. In total, 600,000 sq ft will be reallocated within the year to areas such as the new clothing range supplied by George Davies, Home, 50 new Beauty shops, and 30 new coffee shops. IMPROVE THE SUPPLY CHAIN: The Company continues to see substantial benefits from the reconfiguration of the supply base, being shown in a clothing primary margin that is rising strongly. The priorities now are to eliminate duplication and increase transparency. By re-establishing closer working relationships with its supply partners, historically and unique strength, marks and Spencer will achieve further improvements in quality, value, product appeal, and availability. Financial Services: Plans for the future include developing the Marks and Spencer store card as an essential partner to the growth of retail sales; a stronger presence for financial services in stores; continued growth of the credit business; and faster rates of growth of non-credit areas, which may involve bringing in external partners. PLAN 2 VALUE REALI

Essay --

Love and Romance in Othello, Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra William Shakespeare, the most famous of all English writers, has written many works. One such work is Much Ado about nothing, a comedy that includes humor, love, and deceit. Several incidents in the life of the author influenced him to write this play in the fashion that he did. These events come from his life and the point in history in which he lived, thus producing Much Ado About nothing. Shakespeare's misfortune in love is shown in Much Ado about Nothing when it is said, "Speak low if you speak love." (Shakespeare). Contrary to this, the positive side of love is apparent: "Friendship is constant in all other things Save in the office and affairs of love: Therefore all hearts in love use their own tongues; Let every eye negotiate itself And trust no agent." (Shakespeare) So let it be known, Shakespeare obviously learned a great deal about love throughout the course of his life. He learned not only the good, but also the bad, and in this, love plays a major role in Much Ado about Nothing. (Alexander, Peter. Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.) Another element used in Much Ado about nothing is deceit. This deceit involves a conflict between two brothers in which one wants to keep the other unhappy and unwed. This conflict is present as it is said, "There's a skirmish of wit between them." (Shakespeare). Shakespeare, in his life, had some deceitful things forced upon him where he was cheated out of something. He was forced out of school at an early age of fifteen to help his father financially. Furthermore, he was forced into marrying women that were eight years older than him because she was three months pregnant. In result ... ...iscovery and claiming of "new heaven, new earth," the couple links private emotions to affairs of state. Love, in other words, becomes an extension of politics, with the annexing of another's heart analogous to the conquering of a foreign land. (Rackin, Phillis. 1978) Shakespeare's life has very much to do with the style of his writing as his stories are from his past experiences. Shakespeare had a life that involved both the good and bad aspects of love. He was married for a short while, however, the marriage was suspected to be an unhappy one because he spent much of his later life away from his family. References Bloom, Nasold. Modern critical views. William Shakespeare the Love Stories.1985 Rackin, Phillis. Shakespeare's Love stories. 1978 Oxford school Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. 1982 Alexander, Peter. Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964

Essay on Margaret Atwood’s Rape Fantasies

Damarcus Fitzhugh Lenore Harris ENG 001B 11/18/2012 In most short stories of the past there have always been Heroes and Villains; good vs. evil. Whether it’s the innocent Hansel and Gretel vs. the evil cannibalistic witch; authors tended to paint the line separating the two through their uses of certain writing tools. The point Atwood attempts to drive into the reader is women’s naivety and overall downplay of rape. Margaret Atwood, author of Rape Fantasies, relies heavily on Irony and Characterization to get her point across. In the story Estelle, the narrator and main character, shares her rape fantasies along .In all of them she is a victim, later in the story, we find out that the reason she has these thoughts about being raped is so that if she ever is in a situation like one where she might get raped, she wants to be prepared to avoid it and protect herself. This shows an unrealistic and naive view on what rape really is. She imagines the rapist to be the victim i nstead of her. As mentioned in the text, all the rapists she fantasizes about are victims of some sort of mental or physical trait considered undesirable Atwood uses characterization, specifically in Estelle, with whom she characterizes as condescending, sarcastic and negative at times.She is a young office worker who notes how popular the subject â€Å"Rape† has become in women's magazines. Estelle is playing a game with her co-workers over their lunch hour, when Chrissy, a woman from Estelle's office, brings up the topic of rape fantasies. Estelle would rather just continue playing, but instead, the small group of ladies decides to go around the table sharing their own rape fantasies. (1) Darlene, the oldest, and the only divorced women of the group finds these fantasies revolting and ends up turning her back on the other ladies. later she returns, unable to resist the interesting taboo) (1) Chrissy and Sondra are very eager to share their â€Å"rape fantasies† but a fter they do Estelle informs them that they were not legitimate rape fantasies but merely romantic fantasies; she then describes a story of a man jumping her in a dark alley, or sneaking into her house when she is sick in bed. In all of Estelle's stories the men are pathetic, lonely individuals who have something â€Å"wrong† with them either mentally or physically.Here we see Estelle victimize the rapist in order to protect herself. She believes she can talk herself out of being raped. After sharing all the rape fantasies the story goes into a deeper monologue and a new light is shed on why Estelle's fantasies (1) all end the way they do. It is because she feels that after getting to know someone and getting a glimpse of what they think and how they feel there is no way a person would be able to rape the other; this theory contradicts almost every book that says women are usually raped by someone they know.Irony is introduced within the conversations the women have. Moving f rom woman to woman, Darlene calling the entire thing â€Å"disgusting,† Greta describing a Tarzan-like situation, Chrissy describing hers in a bath, when Estelle, ever the voice of reason, informs them that what they are describing are sexual fantasies: â€Å"Listen . . . those aren’t rape fantasies. I mean, you aren’t getting raped, it’s just some guy you haven’t met formally who happens to be more attractive than Derek Cummins . . and you have a good time, rape is when they’ve got a knife or something and you don’t want to†. (1) Angered, the other women insist that she tell them hers. Content, Estelle then describes her rape fantasy where she deflects her rapist by squirting lemon juice from a plastic bottle in his eyes (â€Å"You should hear the one about the Easy Off Cleaner†), and the one where â€Å"this short, ugly fellow comes up and grabs my arm . . .I say, â€Å"Oh for Christ sake,’ and he starts to cr y,† which prompts a wave of sympathy in Estelle. And there’re more, all with Estelle stopping her attacker through talking to him (â€Å"I’ve just found out I have leukemia†), or talking him out of it. (1) As the story continues, we become aware that Estelle is talking to someone in addition to the reader–â€Å"I hope you don’t mind me holding my nose like this . . . † and that person is probably a man (two times Estelle says, â€Å"But I guess it’s different for a guy†).As the story ends, we realize that Estelle has been in a bar, talking to a man she had just met, she worries about possibly being raped by him. â€Å"Like, how could a fellow do that to a person he’s just had a long conversation with, once you let them know you’re human, you have a life too, I don’t see how they could go ahead with it, right? † (Last Paragraph) We are left wondering whether this entire story is Estelle’s deliberate inventions, her attempt to control a dangerous interaction. Citation Atwood, Margaret. Rape Fantasies. S. l. : S. n. , .. ]. Print.

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Stationary vs. Stationery What do you call a pencil that can’t move? Stationary stationery! If you didn’t find that hilarious, we assume it must be because you’re not sure about the difference between â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† (we refuse to accept that our puns are inherently unfunny). Why arent you laughing? Is this thing on?(Photo: flickr/Benjamin Ragheb) More seriously, the terms â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† are commonly confused due to looking so similar on paper. However, since they also refer to completely different things, you need to use them correctly if you’re writing for college or work. Stationary (Not Moving) â€Å"Stationary† is an adjective meaning â€Å"immobile† or â€Å"not moving.† If you’ve ever been to a spinning class at a gym, for example, you’ll have ridden a â€Å"stationary bicycle.† Spinner 1: Are we nearly there yet?Spinner 2: Just shut up and pedal. It can also be used to describe something that can move, but isn’t currently: The driver collided with a stationary vehicle, but nobody was hurt. Another use of â€Å"stationary† is to describe an unchanging condition or quantity, such as in: A stationary population can enhance social stability. In either case, â€Å"stationary† refers to something that doesn’t move. Stationery (Office Materials) The noun â€Å"stationery† refers to office supplies, particularly paper and other writing equipment: We’re running low on stationery, so I’ve ordered paper and toner. It can also be used as an adjective when describing something related to stationery, such as a â€Å"stationery set† (a set of writing equipment) or a â€Å"stationery store† (a shop that sells stationery). Technically, the coffee doesnt count as stationery, even if most office workers would stop functioning without it. Stationary or Stationery? Since one of these terms is spelled with â€Å"-ar-† and the other with â€Å"-er-,† the key thing is remembering which is which. Luckily, this is made easier by the fact that â€Å"paper† is spelled with an â€Å"-er† at the end, as well as being an important office supply: Paper is a type of stationery. As such, if you’re describing something that, like paper, can be found in an office, the correct term will typically be â€Å"stationery.† Otherwise, the right word will be â€Å"stationary.† Remember: Stationary = Not moving Stationery = Office supplies

Free Essays on The Holocaust Ann Frank

as she was growing up in a terrifying time. This book has sold millions copies in over fifty countries. It is important for us to understand why these people were in hiding and how history and policies of the German people affected the lives of this Jewish family. (Frank II) Adolf Hitler was born in 1889, in Austria and went to Germany in 1913. He served in the German army in the First World War and was wounded twice. When Hitler returned to Germany after the war he found his adopted country to be in turmoil. Unemployment was extremely high, and groups were starting revolutions. Dozens of new political organizations and parties appeared. Each party claimed to know the answers to solve the problems the country was having. Most of these groups were patriotic, antidemocratic, and very anti-Semitic. Hitler was a member of one of these groups. He joined a small group, which called themselves the Nazis. With Hitler’s amazing ability as a speaker and his magnetic personality the party grew. Its program promised jobs, food and education to all Germans. During the depression Germany was falling apart. Hitler and the young Nazi party tried to take over the government during this period. They failed and Hitler was arrested and spent nine months in jail. Whe n Hitler was in jail, he wr... Free Essays on The Holocaust Ann Frank Free Essays on The Holocaust Ann Frank The Holocaust Ann frank History has had a great influence on art, whether it’s literature, theatre or cinema. Tragically, the Holocaust has been the subject of many books and movies. The Diary of Anne Frank is the diary of a young girl captured in the time period of the Holocaust. Anne Frank, her parents and younger sister went into hiding at the Nazi takeover in Holland. They were sheltered and cared for by Miep Gies and her husband Jan from July 1942 until August 1944. We can only assume that at this time they were betrayed. During her time in hiding, Anne kept a diary. This diary is now a world-famous book. It is Anne’s life in her own words as she was growing up in a terrifying time. This book has sold millions copies in over fifty countries. It is important for us to understand why these people were in hiding and how history and policies of the German people affected the lives of this Jewish family. (Frank II) Adolf Hitler was born in 1889, in Austria and went to Germany in 1913. He served in the German army in the First World War and was wounded twice. When Hitler returned to Germany after the war he found his adopted country to be in turmoil. Unemployment was extremely high, and groups were starting revolutions. Dozens of new political organizations and parties appeared. Each party claimed to know the answers to solve the problems the country was having. Most of these groups were patriotic, antidemocratic, and very anti-Semitic. Hitler was a member of one of these groups. He joined a small group, which called themselves the Nazis. With Hitler’s amazing ability as a speaker and his magnetic personality the party grew. Its program promised jobs, food and education to all Germans. During the depression Germany was falling apart. Hitler and the young Nazi party tried to take over the government during this period. They failed and Hitler was arrested and spent nine months in jail. Whe n Hitler was in jail, he wr...

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Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Essays Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Paper Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Paper Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Barnaby T. Chuckles Mr. Kubacki Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, is a tightly woven web of interrelated metaphors and thematic elements. Getting into every single one could take between a life-time and forever so for the purposes of this essay I will only focus on the few main themes; growing into adulthood, which is the quest that Oskar takes on when he sets out to find out about the key, accepting the unknowable in the universe, the random and the unquantifiable that separate life from mathematics, and duality. The last is the trickiest to wrap ones head around and, as typified by the interrelatedness mentioned earlier, ties in to the other two themes. As Oskar grows up he has to come to accept the way in which not everything in the universe can be explained, learn to make his scientific mind can come to grasp a chaotic world, and come to understand how humanity can be essentially illogical. It would be pointless, of course, to point out that Oskar’s quest is as crazy as you can get, but that being said we can begin to grasp that his journey is to get in touch with and become accustomed to his own craziness as a human being. And he way in which Oskar gets a palate for his own madness is by tasting the insanity of others. Each Black that he visits throughout the course of the book not only teaches Oskar something about people, but also mirrors his struggle. The first four Blacks he visits seem relatively insignificant, they can’t give him any information on the key. Yet, each somehow reflects Oskar’s journey into adulthood. When he goes to visit Aaron Black, after setting foot in Queens for the first time, symbolizing how the quest is the catalyst that sends Oskar out of his shell into the big, bright world, he finds that the man is literally paralyzed and can’t come down to greet him. Aaron Black’s literal paralysis mimics Oskar’s inability to come out into the real world, or as the case may be, up to the seventh floor, where he fears a terrorist attack (a fear he will later overcome). The two are unable to connect in a metaphorical sense as well as an actual one. Oskar begins by playing the orphaned child card and tells Aaron his dad is dead immediately, not trying to forge any sort of bond. When he learns of Aaron’s infirmity he can’t take it and runs away (in retrospect he says, â€Å"if I could do it again I would do it differently. But you can’t do it again. †), representing how he cowers away from his dad’s death when he bruises, invents and retreats into his shell. Abby Black, who becomes much more significant later in the book and whom I will discuss later in the essay as well, holds much more import for Oskar’s development, even this early in the book. On first read-through they seem to get along swimmingly. Oskar extolls her beauty when she first opens the door, making her crack up literally as well as figuratively, as when someone laughs the barrier between two people breaks down a little bit. Also, Abby is an epidemiologist, so Oskar connects to her through his pedantic knowledge of science. However, common interests don’t necessarily make two people compatible, and Oskar uses his, for lack of a better word, nerdiness to connect to Abby, instead of exploiting the real connection they have as two people in crises, two scientists. When Oskar first asks her about the key and she says she knows nothing about it, he can tell right off the bat that there’s something wrong and she’s not telling the whole story. Oskar can read Abby but he doesn’t know how to react to what he reads. Before he enters her apartment he fibs to get in saying, â€Å"I didn’t feel great about lying, and I didn’t believe in being able to know what was going to happen before it happens, but for some reason I knew I had to get inside her apartment. † This is when Oskar gets his first lesson in the irrational way in which people (in this case, himself) operate. What he’s describing is intuition, which is manifestly unquantifiable, so he chooses to ignore it as some kind of supernatural phenomenon, which he’s duty bound as an atheist to ignore. However, by ignoring his intuition and proceeding â€Å"logically† he misses the most important detail in his visit; that Abby’s husband must also be a Black and may know something about the key. Later when he asks to kiss Abby and she says no he gets his second lesson in the duality of reason and human’s irrationality. He asks to take a picture of her but seems to realize a picture of her face isn’t good enough, so he takes one from behind her head, basically acknowledging that he doesn’t know her. Yet by accepting their position as strangers he brings himself to a greater understanding of how they relate to each other. Next comes Abe Black, a few chapters later. He convinces Oskar to ride the Cyclone, a huge step for Oskar, as he would normally never accept that embracing danger as an essential part of life. â€Å"’It would be a shame to die without riding the Cyclone,’ he told me. It would be a shame to die,’ I told him. â€Å"Yeah,’ he said, ‘but with the Cyclone you can choose. ’† Oskar finds that though life is filled with death the best way to deal with it is to live life to the fullest. He finds that there are some things that can’t be missed out on and that that’s all that matters in the end, even if the end is alw ays death. He goes on to say his day with Abe was the perfect day aside from not finding anything about the key. This, paired with the roller coaster, is the first time Oskar just gets lost in living. He doesn’t care about inventing or the key or his dad, he’s just having a good time at the fair. The next Black, Ada, mirrors Oskar’s struggle, and by reflecting it also illuminates it. Oskar starts off by grilling her about all the money she has. From the first reader can tell it’s a subject she feels uncomfortable about. She’s very clearly thought hard about the questions Oskar asks her and doesn’t have a good answer. She’s essentially in conflict with herself, saying, â€Å"I know what I am, but I don’t like what I am,† which shows Oskar’s conflict of not knowing what he is and not knowing whether he likes it or not. It’s the first time that Oskar sees that the â€Å"rules† can be broken. Ada’s philosophy is that it’s unfair to have so much when others have so little, but she has given up knowing that she can’t possibly hope to change the world. Oskar learns that it is possible to live with shades of grey and values being compromised. Having learned all this Oskar is now ready to meet the most important Black in the story. He is unnamed, perhaps because he is the most important Black and represents all the Blacks and what they have to teach Oskar. Close to death though he is, Mr. Black has done the most living of any of the Blacks or really anyone in the story. He’s loved and lost, fought and won, seen great events unfold and performed small gestures of love. As he said, he’s, â€Å"lived every day of the twentieth century. † Mr. Black represents a more complete picture of Oskar, in a metaphorical sense because he lives in an identical apartment above him, with two floors, representing a wiser man, but also in a literal sense as he has lived a more life. He spent his days working as a journalist, mirroring Oskar’s fixation on analytical thought and desire to get to the truth. Oskar immediately wants to emulate Mr. Black, mentally jotting down everything he says, but as one read on one sees that Oskar not only wants to mimic all the amazing things he’s done with his life, but to gain the knowledge that Mr. Black has accrued in all his years. When Mr. Black tells the story of the Russian artists feeding each other and says, â€Å"That’s the difference between Heaven and Hell. In Hell we starve, in Heaven we feed each other. Oskar without thinking replies, â€Å"I don’t believe in the afterlife,† to which Mr. Black responds, â€Å"Neither do I but I believe in the story. † When the story is told Oskar lets his knowledge get in the way of his understanding of the story, while Mr. Black can also know there’s no afterlife while grasping the larger significance of the story. Oskar gets his n ext lesson in the duality of human nature here. He learns that one can believe in the deeper significance of something without sacrificing his scientific perspective. This is mirrored in the way Mr. Black hammers a nail into his bed every morning, despite it having no significance other than it pleasing him to do so. What is really extraordinary about Mr. Black is he gains is wisdom not from knowing everything as Oskar seems to want to, but by accepting what he doesn’t know. Mr. Black has completely turned off his hearing aids and stopped leaving his apartment, shutting himself off from the world. He realizes his quests and loves are over and that he now needs time to gain wisdom from those experiences. But even this is not the end, for when he meets Oskar he sees himself reflected in the boy and realizes he’s ruminated enough and it’s time to go back out into the world again. Having added a new character into the equation, the next few Blacks reflect not only Oskar but Mr. Black as well, who in turn reflects back onto Oskar. This is shown first by the trip to find Agnes Black. Oskar opens the door on a woman who can’t speak English. Only Mr. Black can talk to her. He laughs and jokes with her and eventually finds out that Agnes Black died in the World trade center the same as Oskar’s father. It’s a very strange dynamic that in Oskar’s quest the two most important people can’t be part of the conversation. Agnes’s only connected, posthumously, to the latina woman and Oskar is connected only through Mr. Black. However, Mr. Black and the latina woman are not only connected by a common language but by the fact that they are both old and decrepit. Even though the two cannot see each other as the latina woman is in a wheel chair and Mr. Black is too tired to go up the stairs, they form a stronger connection by not seeing each other, much in the same way that Oskar and Agnes are connected by the invisible specter of Oskar’s dad. The next few Blacks are gone through quickly. They don’t tell him anything about the key but they tell a little about themselves and therefore a little about Oskar. Albert Black, the actor who moved to New York to be far away, teaches Oskar how you can become someone else. Alice Black, the artist who draws the same man over and over again, gives Oskar a glimpse of dedication, or perhaps obsession. Allen Black, the overqualified doorman who misses his job as an engineer, shows Oskar about taking comfort in the continuity of life, as Allen is comfortable being a doorman as long as it means his son will be a doctor. Arnold Black simply comes across as a jerk, and Oskar had to learn there are jerks out there eventually. Then there were several Blacks which only get a sentence or two in the book. The one that sticks out in my mind is old Chinese man who has â€Å"I heart NY† posters all over his room, but thinks they mean â€Å"I love you. When Oskar points this out he can’t read the expression on Fo Black’s face, saying â€Å"I couldn’t tell what he was feeling, because I couldn’t speak the language. † Georgia Black and her husband live on Staten Island (which can only be reached by ferry, so even going there is a big step for Oskar) and made museums to each other. Oskar gets his first taste here of how human irrationality can make people much happier. There is nothing more irrational than love but Mr. and Mrs. Black dove in head first and never regretted it.

The Comparison on Childcare Policies between Quebec and Ontario from Essay

The Comparison on Childcare Policies between Quebec and Ontario from 1990 to present - Essay Example These changes marked a break from past systems that featured multiple departments working separately for the promotion of children welfare without any manifest order and consistency within the systems. In January 1997, the Quebec government passed special legislations that provided support to parents in one of the strategies employed towards ensuring sustainable and quality childcare in the region (Baker, Gruber & Milligan, 2006). The measure focused on improving some systems and structures including adjusted systems of remuneration in order to empower them to improve their livelihoods. The underlying assumption revolves around creating a pool of resources that would naturally trickle down to the children by way of good nutrition, care, health, and education. The Quebec restructuring of children welfare policies remain anchored on the overarching policy that supports family values and promotes love for children (Baker, Gruber & Milligan, 2006). Therefore, it became necessary to develop specific laws that would provide the operational frameworks of good and quality childcare processes. Towards the year 2000, there emerged some specific focus on low-income parents as the government engaged actively in the process of uplifting the parents to achieve some aspect of self-sustenance in order for them to collaborate with the government in the overall process of providing support for their children (Baker, Gruber & Milligan, 2006). Also included in the emergent policies were specific provisions that enjoined communities and the general societies in the promotion of the welfare of the children. Such provisions included safeguards against abuse and other laws meant to protect the rights, liberties, happiness, health, security, and safety of the children. In this regard, it becomes necessary to investigate some of the forces that occasioned the various legislations that meant to

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Business Law - common law question - Essay Example Law is separated into two parts which are criminal law as well as civil law (Barker, 2000). Criminal law is enacted when some harm is committed to the social order and the convict person is penalized with fines or imprisonment. Criminal law is developed from the common law as well as the statutes enacted by the government like the Crimes Act 1900 New South Wales (NSW). Most of the criminal statutes of Australia are derived from the English criminal law. Criminal law is divided into two segments which are ‘indictable offences’ as well as ‘summary offences’. ‘Indictable offences’ are the cases which are recorded in the document ‘indictment’ prepared for the ‘Crown’ (State) as prosecutor. ‘Summary offences’ are the cases which are required to be settled in front of the magistrate (Criminal law and civil law, 2012). Civil law deals with disagreements in among individuals or organizations as well as provides leg al remedy. Civil law involves cases relating to accidents as well as contracts. The civil law cases are to be settled in a court before a judge providing reasons for the actions taken in settlement of the claims (Criminal law and civil law, 2012). IRAC denotes Issue, Rule, Application as well as Conclusion. The method or framework is a valuable process to formulate legal analysis. The aspect of issue depicts the significant controversy upon which the basic foundation of the case is formulated. The section of rule or relevant law describes the prevalent laws that can be applied to the identified issue in terms of legal case scenario. The analysis section comprises the use of the relevant rule to the recognized issue. The conclusion section includes the expected outcomes of the identified issue/case. In relation to the provided scenario, the IRAC method would be applied in order to gauge the possible outcomes of the case (What is IRAC?, n.d.). According to the scenario of the case, An na was injured for apparent negligence of Michael who was driving the car under the influence of alcohol. Thus, Anna wanted to take legal actions against Michael. Issue The identified issue that would be presented to the court for trials would be a scenario which occurred in a rainy late night where Anna desired to have a lift to home from Michael rather than waiting for other taxis for commutation to home. During her travel with Michael, Anna came to know that he had consumed alcohol and he faced problems in keeping control of the vehicle. However, Anna still agreed to continue her journey with Michael on way to Anna’s home. After travelling to a certain distance, Michael lost control over the car and hit a tree. This accident resulted in causing severe injuries to Anna and Michael. Subsequent to the accident, Anna decided to sue Michael for the accident causing her injuries and moreover for the probable negligence which took place on that on behalf of Michael. Moreover, thi s case intends to emphasize on the circumstances that whether Anna will be able to sue Michael for his negligence or not in relation to the circumstance in which the accident took place. In this case, in order to succeed in the trails after suing Michael the aspects that Anna should consider and establish have also been analyzed. Rules/Relevant Law In relation to the issue of the case, Anna was provided lift by Michael who had consumed more than allowable level of alcohol which resulted in an accident causing injuries to

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal Research Paper

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal for Native People - Research Paper Example John Collier became commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 as appointed by President Roosevelt. Under Collier’s governance, federal policies had sweeping and permanent changes in favor of the Indians. One of these federal policies was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was also known as the â€Å"Indian New Deal† or the â€Å"Wheeler-Howard Act†1. The Indian Reorganization Act under Collier made lasting changes in the federal policy concerning Native Americans. One of these changes is ending the allotment of the tribal land to non-Native Americans. Two other changes include the act encouraging tribes to establish their own self-government and building a loan in order to finance tribe members who are putting up a business2. Prior to and aside from becoming a commissioner of Indian affairs, John Collier was also the executive secretary for the American Indian Defense Association, or AIDA, an organization which he himself founded in 1923, in order to fight for the protection of tribal property and religious freedom of Native Americans. Through the institution of AIDA, Collier was able to recommend doing away with the teaching to Indians of only the cultural values of whites. At the same time, it recommended that that Indian Service must provide the youth and their parents the necessary tools that will help them adapt not only to whites but also to Indians3. John Collier also asked Congress for the repeal of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This particular law pressured American Indian tribes to abolish their own community lands and to have individually owned lands instead. The purpose of this was to promote Indian assimilation into the society of American whites. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, which Collier headed in 1933 provided for the successful passing of the Indian Reorganization Act in Congress4. John Collier’s idea of a â€Å"New Deal† for American Indians during his time definitely was all about the betterment o f this particular group of people. He became commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933 and so helped reform law in favor of the Indians through the Indian Reorganization Act. He was also the founder and executive secretary of the American Indian Defense Association, which issued recommendations on how Indians should be treated and educated. Lastly, he asked Congress to repeal the Dawes Act of 1887 in order to protect the tribal lands of the Indians. Explain French patterns of contact with Native Americans: How did their goals and type of colonization affect the success or failure of relations with Native groups? The French colonizers’ diplomacy and immersion into Native American culture guaranteed the success of their colonization. The French arrived in North America in the 1600s5, and established their colony there. However, unlike the British, who did not respect the natives, the French afforded them with the best treatment as possible. The success of the colonial techniques o f the French that helped them establish New France in Canada was mainly due to their immersion in American Indian culture. The French were very interested in the culture and customs of Native Americans. The French took the time to learn the languages, habits and the ways of the Native American

International Finance Transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Finance Transactions - Essay Example In most cases, most international financial borrowing involves syndicated loan agreements due to the large sums of money involved. In addition, most borrowing is often for financing most international projects. These agreements varies from region to region for instance, syndicated loan agreements carried out in Europe are not similar to those carried out in America. Another aspect of syndicated loan agreements is that they have developed from the traditional way to a more sophisticated method, rendering them fast and more efficient. Syndicated loan participation agreements also offer various advantages to the lending bank as well as to the borrowers. These advantages are in the form of rapid financing of international projects, cost reduction as well as efficiency. In addition, there are three major legal and practical methods of loan transfer in relation to syndicated participation agreements. These methods include assignment, novation and sub-participation. These three major method s present various advantages and disadvantages and occur in various forms. The Assignment involves the transfer of rights or benefits from one party to another. The major transactions involving the assignment are mortgages and deed trusts. ... In this case, the method involves several legal aspects and features as in syndicated loans it is often not possible to obtain approval from all the participants of the contract. The paper will discuss the concepts of syndicated loans agreements and international finance transactions. It will also analyse in depth these loan transfer methods. It will discuss their availability and occurrence as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It will also evaluate their effectiveness and the parties involved in such transactions. International Finance Transactions The integration of the three main financial service areas – that is insurance, security and banking occurred in the 80s due to the liberalization trend of financial supervision and the heating-up competition in finance industry. However, the integration threatens the banking business since the banking industry experiences huge challenges despite owning the main position in financial structure. In addition, there is regula tion of the average rate of interests for commercial banks’ deposits and loans in nearly all the countries. Consequently, there is a reduced margin between banks’ liabilities and assets leading to intense competition among banks. Due to this, the banks can only create more chances for reducing costs, increase profits and upgrade their competence by provision of a bridge hence the securitization trends1. There are many participants in international projects with each participant bringing into the project what other participants are lacking for example technical ability, procurement of supplies, financing ability, human resources, political authority, etc. In addition, due to the complex nature of project

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reading Response - Essay Example only nighttime visit was permitted, but brief that it could not fill the parental bond effective for raising a child plagued by the torments of slavery. One day he sees the whipping of Aunt Hester by master Antony; a scene that eventually prompts him to move to Baltimore (Douglass 18). The move is a turning moment because it frees Douglass from becoming a slave forever. He starts participating in antislavery campaigns that champion the rights of those still held in the South. Three episodes are central to Douglass in his quest to gain freedom and help other fellow slaves escape the bondage. For instance, the first episode involves the acknowledgement of being slave. Douglass’s decision to take a decisive action emanated from his slavery predicament that exposed him to beatings by his masters such as Mr. Covey. Similarly, the humiliation and fatigue of being overworked in the field plantations features prominently in his life and this prompts his to seek ways of escaping the suffering. This is because Douglass wishes to have a life better than slavery that is only possible in the North. Alternatively, slave identity convinces the narrator on the need to address the matter amicably through freeing other slaves first before taking any action. The second episode is the urge to seek education for emancipation and empowerment in fighting for the thriving slave trade in the South. This transformation occurs after Douglass has moved to Baltimore, Maryland under the ownership of his new mistress called Mrs. Sophia Auld. Unfortunately, this noble venture comes with numerous challenges such as the strong disapproval by Mr. Auld. He rightly knows that an educated slave would become sad and worse, wild. This act, however, affirms Douglass’s zeal to learn how to read and write because it is sanctioned by his master. In other words, he learns that education is tied to liberation especially after comprehending the word ‘abolition.’ Going North and beginning the

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal Research Paper

Who was John Collier, and what role did he play in creating a New Deal for Native People - Research Paper Example John Collier became commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 as appointed by President Roosevelt. Under Collier’s governance, federal policies had sweeping and permanent changes in favor of the Indians. One of these federal policies was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was also known as the â€Å"Indian New Deal† or the â€Å"Wheeler-Howard Act†1. The Indian Reorganization Act under Collier made lasting changes in the federal policy concerning Native Americans. One of these changes is ending the allotment of the tribal land to non-Native Americans. Two other changes include the act encouraging tribes to establish their own self-government and building a loan in order to finance tribe members who are putting up a business2. Prior to and aside from becoming a commissioner of Indian affairs, John Collier was also the executive secretary for the American Indian Defense Association, or AIDA, an organization which he himself founded in 1923, in order to fight for the protection of tribal property and religious freedom of Native Americans. Through the institution of AIDA, Collier was able to recommend doing away with the teaching to Indians of only the cultural values of whites. At the same time, it recommended that that Indian Service must provide the youth and their parents the necessary tools that will help them adapt not only to whites but also to Indians3. John Collier also asked Congress for the repeal of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This particular law pressured American Indian tribes to abolish their own community lands and to have individually owned lands instead. The purpose of this was to promote Indian assimilation into the society of American whites. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, which Collier headed in 1933 provided for the successful passing of the Indian Reorganization Act in Congress4. John Collier’s idea of a â€Å"New Deal† for American Indians during his time definitely was all about the betterment o f this particular group of people. He became commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933 and so helped reform law in favor of the Indians through the Indian Reorganization Act. He was also the founder and executive secretary of the American Indian Defense Association, which issued recommendations on how Indians should be treated and educated. Lastly, he asked Congress to repeal the Dawes Act of 1887 in order to protect the tribal lands of the Indians. Explain French patterns of contact with Native Americans: How did their goals and type of colonization affect the success or failure of relations with Native groups? The French colonizers’ diplomacy and immersion into Native American culture guaranteed the success of their colonization. The French arrived in North America in the 1600s5, and established their colony there. However, unlike the British, who did not respect the natives, the French afforded them with the best treatment as possible. The success of the colonial techniques o f the French that helped them establish New France in Canada was mainly due to their immersion in American Indian culture. The French were very interested in the culture and customs of Native Americans. The French took the time to learn the languages, habits and the ways of the Native American

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reading Response - Essay Example only nighttime visit was permitted, but brief that it could not fill the parental bond effective for raising a child plagued by the torments of slavery. One day he sees the whipping of Aunt Hester by master Antony; a scene that eventually prompts him to move to Baltimore (Douglass 18). The move is a turning moment because it frees Douglass from becoming a slave forever. He starts participating in antislavery campaigns that champion the rights of those still held in the South. Three episodes are central to Douglass in his quest to gain freedom and help other fellow slaves escape the bondage. For instance, the first episode involves the acknowledgement of being slave. Douglass’s decision to take a decisive action emanated from his slavery predicament that exposed him to beatings by his masters such as Mr. Covey. Similarly, the humiliation and fatigue of being overworked in the field plantations features prominently in his life and this prompts his to seek ways of escaping the suffering. This is because Douglass wishes to have a life better than slavery that is only possible in the North. Alternatively, slave identity convinces the narrator on the need to address the matter amicably through freeing other slaves first before taking any action. The second episode is the urge to seek education for emancipation and empowerment in fighting for the thriving slave trade in the South. This transformation occurs after Douglass has moved to Baltimore, Maryland under the ownership of his new mistress called Mrs. Sophia Auld. Unfortunately, this noble venture comes with numerous challenges such as the strong disapproval by Mr. Auld. He rightly knows that an educated slave would become sad and worse, wild. This act, however, affirms Douglass’s zeal to learn how to read and write because it is sanctioned by his master. In other words, he learns that education is tied to liberation especially after comprehending the word ‘abolition.’ Going North and beginning the

Alternative energy sources Essay Example for Free

Alternative energy sources Essay The age old question of how will we power our homes and lives in general moving forward when all the oil runs out, and one day it will. The world needs to move in a direction that will lead to energy independence however businesses and society is slow to move because we cannot see the impacts until it hits home in that all of sacred places, our wallets. Changes need to be made but can we afford it or can we afford not to make the move that will ensure our future for generations to come. Fist let us look at why we chose fossil fuels. The fossil fuels we largely depend on today are coal, oil and natural gas. They are called non-renewable energy sources. That description is actually another way of saying we use them faster than they form. Over 100,000 times faster to be exact! So how did we ever decide this would be the primary energy resource to power human development and progress? It all goes back to human mastery of fire to provide warmth, light and a means of preparing more palatable and easily digestible foods. To the early humans, fire was the equivalent of having a little sun with them wherever they needed or wanted to go. With this energy available at anytime and anyplace, humans could begin to spread about the world and thrive, regardless of the climate or amount of sunlight available. It provided the power for humans to begin their mastery of Earth as a species, less vulnerable to extinction than all other animal species, yet with a greater ability to bring about change — for good or bad. There are many alternative energy sources that we can see and put our hands on but they all have pros and cons. Some are either too expensive or not viable as a long term source of energy in comparison to oil. Our infrastructure is built around coal and oil dating back to the industrial revolution. From our cars to the power that runs the microwave in the kitchen fossil fuels are a part of our lives but they are running out, killing the environment in more ways than one and becoming more and more expensive to produce due either war or scarcity. Then when we complain about the price or the consequences of drilling or burning fossil fuels the best our governments can give us is talk with little action because those in  power are more about money which comes from the companies and people who spend money on their campaigns to get re-elected. When one thinks of alternative energies the first thing that springs to mind is solar energy and why not, we the sun is not going anywhere any tim e soon(at least we hope not) and there are very few places that don’t get sun for most of the 24 hours in a day. So why do we not all have a solar panel on our roofs and cars? One reason is because it is not cost effective and cannot produce enough energy for most people to make it worthwhile. Our mind set is always going to be one of why should we invest in something that does not do what oil and gas can? With the economies of the world in jeopardy and more and more people out of work, asking them to do their part to help the environment is just not realistic. Until science and business can make solar power more viable we as average citizens will not make the change while we have oil and gas still. Unless we either just run out or we can no longer afford fossil fuels we as a society will not make our lives any harder by switching to an alternative energy source that is still not viable nor is it cost effective. Another disadvantage to continuing with fossil fuels is the continued and escalating tension in the Middle East. The cost alone of defending the oil that we use and take for granted is astronomical not to mention the loss of life which cannot be measured. The thought that we as a society have not moved past killing one another for an inanimate objects is shameful. That we have no evolved morally past the point of killing for energy is a discredit to how far we have come as a race. If we would take the money that we spend on defense and guarding oil rigs and clean ups when things go wrong and put it toward improving solar and fusion nuclear power we might find yourself energy independence sooner rather than later. Wind is the next source of alternative energy that has people all a buzz with excitement but is it truly viable? This alternative can seem very attractive but again is the cost of a wind turbine and the land needed to build wind farms is substantial to produce enough energy. So then the question is just like with solar energy, we need so much space to make enough energy that it just cannot compete with fossil fuels no matter what the environmental impact. Alternative energy just does not have enough clout with governments to push their clean energy agendas that it just is not a short term solution. The main problem that we all can see is that  alternative energies cannot do what oil and gas do now. Wind will not let us drive 400 miles to where we want to go when we want to. Solar or battery power is unreliable because it takes time to recharge a battery with solar energy and no one has been able to come up with to date a viable mass producible car that uses solar power. Even hybrids and battery power cars just can give us the flexibility with which gas driven cars can. When something can’t make what we already have better and at an equil or lesser cost to us will not gain ground. We are a visual society and unless someone comes up to us and says that the earth is going to end in 50 years unless we all drive hybrids were not going to do it. It is not in our nature and thus it won’t make any difference what innovations businesses and science come up with. As for oil itself it is going to take something like nuclear fusion or a more advanced solar cell to move us a way from oil. Nuclear power has always been taboo or in simpler terms a ‘Not in my back yard’ energy source. Nuclear fission is a source of energy that is viable and being used to day however the need to increase nuclear fission sites has the environmental community in an uproar. It is a well-known fact that these types of reactions produce waste products that are extremely dangerous not to mention a nuclear fission plant can either be attached or have an issue that would cause an environmental catastrophe which makes the idea of building newer, safer plants an unrealistic idea. The consequences of nuclear fission just do not out way the ramifications of environmental issues that could come of a disaster like Chernobyl. Nuclear fusion is a far more environmentally safe way to produce nuclear power and produces no waste products unlike fission and if an issue were to arise the reaction of fusion just stops and no radiation is not leaked nor is there an explosion of any kind. The proble m again with nuclear fusion is at the moment costly and cannot produce enough power to out way the cost and energy it takes to produce power. This like solar power is where we need to be placing our faith in the future of power in our country and around the world because oil will run out or it will become too costly to produce or something is going to happen that will be so catastrophic that we as a race will say enough is enough but until that time comes were not going to change our ways. Despite nuclear energy’s role as a significant power supply source, it is highly unlikely it will survive past the 21st century, especially since the recent Japanese  disaster. Many people are against it, storage of its highly radioactive wastes is difficult and costly. There are not enough ores available to maintain continued production of nuclear energy, and most of today’s nuclear plants will reach the end of their life span within the next 50 years. McLamb, Eric(2010). Just another reason for moving towards fusion and putting the money that we might use to build new fission plants which could again like the Japanese r eactor disaster fusion will not have that problem. There are many other forms of alternative energies such as geothermal and hydro power as well but again just like all the other sources, it is not producing as much power as fossil fuels and we are not spending our time and resource to improve these more available and attainable but again we sit with oil still. At the end of the day something dramatic is going to need to occur to push humanity towards a different source of energy but until we can see positive results on a massive scale we are never going to change our ways. As stated before if our planet were to end tomorrow I still don’t think we would change how we do things because we as a people are selfish and only care about what goes on in our homes as opposed to what is going on around the world. Will alternative energy source replace fossil fuels and clean up the environment. The answer is yes but what is it going to take to push us over the edge. Will it be a major environmental disaster, a global shortage of oil, or a scientific advancement that will revolutionize our way of life in a way that oil did when we first started to use it for our day to day to day lives. We can only hope but we are going to have to do something because we cannot continue down this path of ruining our resources and our planet. References Berger, A.A (2008). Seeing is believing (J. Wetherington, Ed. 3rd ed), Boston: McGraw-Hill Mc,Lamb, Eric(2010). The Secret World of Energy(http://www.ecology.com/2010/09/15/secret world-energy//)

An Overview On World Food Programme English Language Essay

An Overview On World Food Programme English Language Essay One of the most important issues in the world is food crisis which a large number of people are suffering from it. While there are about 1.6 billion of people overweight and 500 million are obese, there are billion people in the world who suffering from hunger (More Food May Not Mean Less Hunger ,2009).there are several reasons for food crisis these days such as ; increase in the population , climate change ,increase prices and natural disaster ( drought , flood and climate change ) .there are responses which have taken to solve these problems many responses which taken such as ; financial aid ,GM food and food aid this essay will discuss how successful is food aid .first, it will present general information about food aid .then , it will show some statistics about food aid . finally, it will discuss the food aid in Bangladesh and Ethiopia . Food aid is a generic term which encompasses a range of instruments and interventions (Christopher. Barrett Daniel Maxwell, 2005)6.As what World Food Programme said ; the aim from Food aid is to give poorest people food which helps them to live (2009) 2 and to fix food problems such as food insecurity and malnutrition around the world during the crisis period and 5 . Shah stats thatThere are three kind of receiving food aid, First is by which is project food aid which gives food aid as result of specific project3 .Second type is relief food aid which is occur in war or other emergency situations 3.the last type is comes from government to government3 (2007).food aid has three ways to be given to people multilateral aid4orand Non Government Organization aid4 , it can be called bilateral aid4(OPPapers ,2008) According to what is written in Global Policy Forum Food aid Global policy said food aid comes countries and charities such as WFP which means World Food Programme 1which work to help 88 million people 1.in addition, World Food Programme receive the donations as money -if that possible or as food1. More than half of global food aid is given by united stats and the other half comes from Canada and Japan1. In 1960s the donations of food aids was five million tonnes and this number increased to 7.4 million tonnes in 2004 1. Most of the countries choose the country which wants it to receive the food aid rather than to be chosen by the World Food Programme1 (2005). There are many developing countries receive food aid ,one of these countries are Bangladesh and Ethiopia .Bangladesh improved the producing food since it started to depend on its self in 19717 (Akhter Shahidur,2006).the rice and wheat which are the main Bangladesh product, their prices increased by 84 percent at that time. 7 (Akhter Shahidur,2006). Coutts argue that Unfortunately, it cannot continue its achievements because of many reasons such as drought while the Bangladesh food product depends on water to grow up and in the other periods there was floodwaters which make Bangladesh lose most of its products8(Coutts, 2004). Moreover, there is increase in food prices and some kinds of food increased by more than 20% in the rice price and the vegetables selling prices increase, too (Coutts, 2004). 8and that number keep growing up until it became 50 % in 200811.As a result of that the number of employee is decrease and many people are suffering from malnutrition8(Coutts, 2004).the hung er project states that it has high number of people living there and the number of population is increased and it consider as the second high population in the world with 150 million people live there 13. In addition ,for about every fifty years the number of rats in Bangladesh increased sharply and that effect the agriculture area which leads it to decease because the crops are damaged by rats which ate 90% of harvest that leads about 130,000 people to suffering from food shortage .all of reasons above cause lack of food in Bangladesh and food insecurity 10and number of people who live under the poor line is about half of its population 13.(n.d) Dhulme Points out that For the above problem it spouse to have some solutions to solve them and that what is happened in Bangladesh12. In the begging the Bangladesh government do not do anything to stop these problems from expanding 12 .until the problems became serious and it need to be solve very fast because it effect people lives there .for that the Bangladesh government take a decision to import food but that was too late because the food pieces increased 12(2008). To solve rate crisis there people invoked to eat rats and this solution is failed to reduce the problem with them10 .Food aid comes to Bangladesh from to programmes for food aid which are UNICEF and the UN World Food Programme (WFP) 10.the Wold Food Programme gives the basic food to the 25,680 poorest families there while UNICEF take care about children nutrition and gives them the healthy food which protect them from diseases10 .Also , UNICEF Provide food sprinkles to 11,794 children and , 6,003 girls , ,201 pregnant women and 1,028 lactating mothers10.( Seymour,2008) Philippines point that these solutions seems to be successful to solve most of problems in Bangladesh ,as what the statistics said the people becomes heather and the average age for male and female increased in the last thirty years ,in 1997 the women average age was about 58.1 years and for men it was 58.2 years and these number increased in 2001 to 60.9 years for women and 60.1 for men. in generally, the poverty declined in Bangladesh14 .Also, the people who live below the poverty line decrease from 55% in1985 to 44% in 1999.the number of employment in the ready mad garment sector has increased from 582,000 employee between 1991 and 1992 to 1,500,000 employee between 1997 and 199814(2004).according to world food programme , Chakma said The rice and biscuits are very helpful during this lean time(2009). The other country which receive food aid is Ethiopia .Ethiopia is located in Africa it is considered as a poor country .according to Greste in BBC News Ethiopia in the last thirty years is getting the most of aid more than any other country in Africa (2006)15.Although it has fertile land which is able to produce food , there is a famine and the number of hungry people is going up .the food crisis in Ethiopia has happened as a result of high population who need to eat food since 1985 the number of population is doubled to about 80 million 16 (Hampson, 2008).also, there are rain problems there for example there was no rain in 2003 and the dought period length was 18 month16(Hampson, 2008).in some places there is not enough rain for that reason the prices of food are increasing .in adition, the food prices increase until the inflation is more than 75%16(Hampson, 2008) World food programme pointed that the price for cereal in Ethiopia increase by more than 100 %17(n.d).the reasons above leads to food shortage which make many people malnourished. Moreover, animals are affected and dying .in that situation people used to eat false bananas To put an end to that problems Save The Children UK are try to save the children by doing some solutions it gives help to must of poor people .The World Food Programme is helping 11 million poor people in Ethiopia and it the emergency food ration is reduced by one third(World Food Programme ,(n.d) 17. Getachew point out that UNICEF with helping from the European Commissions Office for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) gives food to Ethiopian. ECHO gave 3.3 million euros by this number of money 70,000 got food in 2008 18(2009). Moreover, accourding to Thomas and LaVerle it take help form other charities such as International Development (AID), The World Health Organization (WHO) U.S. .For above responses which taken to help Ethiopia there are many things change there ; even though ,the medical facilities increased slowly19. 80 % of people there who have not access to technique and the number of people who have AIDS increased from 2 in 1986 to 355 in 199019(1991). 11% of people die by tuberculosis and 60 % of death caused by preventable ( Health and welfare , n.d) In general , the food aid is help the two has different result .in Bangladesh the average age for both men and women slightly increased ,the number of poor people decreased and the number of employee increased . in Ethiopia , medical facilities slowly increased m the farms a bit increase on other hand the number of people who do not have clean and safety water in considerably high .To sum up in both two countries food aid is not successful and it does not solve all the problems but in Bangladesh it solve some of problems even more than it in Ethiopia . In conclusion, this essay has focused on how it food aid is successful as a response for food crisis and point out that there are a large number of people who depend on food aid as a main factor .Also , it seems food aid is not solve all the problems in the countries and it do not get the same result in all countries , some of them it was successful and other not which depend on the countries its self and how it react with the food aid .Finally , financial aid is considerably better than food aid because it gives more choices to people to do with it ,they can buy anything by the money but they can only eat the food . References:- How Does Food Aid Works (September 16, 2005) http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/217/46186.html World Food Programme http://www.wfp.org/content/nutrition-and-food-aid-lessons-ethiopia Shah(December 03, 2007) Food aid http://www.globalissues.org/article/748/food-aid#Typesoffoodaid Food Aid Benefits Rich Countries As Much As It Does For Poor Countries http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Food-Aid-Benefits-Rich-Countries-Much/169357 Food aid in crises should also aim for longer-term self-reliance ,UN News Centre http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=14769Cr=foodCr1=aid Christopher. B. Barrett, Daniel G. Maxwell, Food Aid After Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role (London: Routledge, 2005), Chapter 1, page 4 Akhter Shahidur Manohar Sajjad (2003) : A Study On Food Aid Leakage In Bangladesh http://www.un.org.bd/pub/unpubs/WFPFood%20Aid%20Leakage,03.pdf Coutts,(2004) : After the floods : Bangladesh faces a food crisis http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/opinion/27iht-edcoutts_ed3_.html McHernry Bird (n.d) : Food Bunle In Bangladesh http://www.foreignpolicy.com/Ning/archive/archive/027/2.PDF Seymour,(2008 ) Rat flood triggers food crisis in Bangladesh http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/rat-flood-triggers-food-crisis-in-bangladesh Advisory: Food and Economic Crisis in Bangladesh (May 14 ,2008): Compassion http://www.compassion.com/sponsordonor/countrynews/bd/News/advisory-economic-crisis-in-bangladesh.htm Hulme ,(2008) Food Insecurity in Bangladesh: the OtherCrisis : End the World poverty http://povertyblog.wordpress.com/2007/11/22/food-insecurity-in-bangladesh-the-other-crisis/ Bangladesh (n.d)http://www.thp.org/where_we_work/south_asia/bangladesh/overview?gclid=CPbZkv-wvZ4CFaBb4wod2ElLmw Manila (2004) BANGLADES Gender, Poverty, and the Millennium Development Goals : the Asian Development Bank available at http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/cga-women-bangladesh.pdf Greste (2 February 2006) Ethiopias food aid addiction : BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4671690.stm Hampson, (2008) Ethiopias new famine: A ticking time bomb http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-17-ethiopia_N.htm World Food Programme (n.d) http://www.wfp.org/countries/ethiopia 18- Getachew(23 October 2009) Therapeutic food helps save childrens lives in southern Ethiopia http://www.unicef.org.uk/press/news_detail_full_story.asp?news_id=1402 19-Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, editors. Ethiopia: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/75.htm More Food May Not Mean Less Hunger (2009) available at http://www.humanrights-geneva.info/More-Food-May-Not-Mean-Less-Hunger,6825 Kelly, A. ,(2008), The rains have come, the lan is but Ethiopians still go hungry ,The Guadian,1st August 2008